Abstract
Simple SummaryIn the near future, the expected increase in world population will enhance feed versus food competition between animals and humans to face the increasing demand by humans. For this reason, it is of paramount importance to feed ruminants with sources alternative to those representing themselves foods for humans. Durum wheat bran (DWB), similar to other by-products of the agri-food industry, can meet this need, its fiber content is high and represents also a remarkable source of phenolic acids, especially ferulic acid. This compound exerts antioxidant properties improving the health status of animals, and allows the production of functional foods more and more requested by consumers. Accordingly, this experiment demonstrated the suitability of using DWB for dairy cows feeding, because it led to clear advantages in terms of oxidative status of animals, quality of dairy products, and feeding costs. Furthermore, DWB improved the human-edible feed conversion efficiency reducing the use of human-edible feed.Durum wheat bran (DWB) is a by-product mostly used in feeding ruminants, contributing to decrease in the utilization of feeds suitable as foods for human consumption, thus improving the sustainability of livestock production. However, the potential benefits of DWB, due to its content in phenolic acids, mainly consisting of ferulic acid with antioxidant properties, have not been well clarified yet. Accordingly, in this experiment, 36 lactating cows divided into three groups received, over a period of 100 days, one of three concentrates including DWB at 0% (DWB0), 10% (DWB10), or 20% (DWB20). The concentrates were formulated to be isoproteic and isoenergetic and, to balance the higher fiber content of the concentrates with DWB, the hay in the diets was slightly reduced. During the trial, the group feed intake and the individual milk production were monitored, and cheese was made with bulk milk from each group. Milk yield and microbiological characteristics of milk and cheese were similar among groups, indicating no DWB effect on cows performance and fermentation process. Milk from DWB20 group resulted slightly higher in casein and curd firmness (a2r). In cows fed DWB, the higher polyphenol intake was responsible for higher blood contents of these bioactive compounds, that seemed to have contributed in reducing the level of reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs), which were higher in DWB0 cows. DWB20 cheeses showed a higher polyphenol content, lower number of peroxides, and higher antioxidant capacity than DWB0 cheeses. DWB20 and DWB10 diets resulted less expensive. In addition, the DWB20 group showed the best indexes heFCE (human edible feed conversion efficiency = milk/human edible feed) and NFP (net food production = milk − human edible food), expressed as crude protein or gross energy. In conclusion, the DWB fed to dairy cows at 12% of diet dry matter (DM) can lead to benefits, such as the improvement of oxidative status of cows, milk quality, shelf-life, and functional properties of cheese, and might contribute to reduce the feeding cost and limit the human-animal competition for feeding sources.
Highlights
In the years, the expected consistent increase in world’s population will lead to high rates of increasing demands of animal products and, a greater proportion of crop grains should be destined to feeding animals.Today, intensive livestock systems are much censured because, as is known, ruminants use, with scarce efficiency, many feeds such as corn and soybean grains that can be used directly by humans.Some researchers have calculated that almost 90% of the calories produced by vegetable crops used in intensive farming are lost and are not transferred to animal products [1]
A total of 36 Italian Red Pied lactating cows, initially 92 ± 56 days in milk (DIM), 2.9 ± 1.6 parity and producing 28.2 ± 6.2 kg/day of milk, were divided into three homogeneous groups of 12 cows each and assigned to feeding regime differing exclusively for the content of Durum wheat bran (DWB) in the concentrate, according to the following scheme: (i) control, 0% of DWB (DWB0), (ii) 10% of DWB, corresponding to 1.5 kg/day per cow (DWB10), (iii) 20% of DWB, corresponding to 3.0 kg/day per cow (DWB20)
Phenolic acids are present in cereals, including corn and barley used to formulate the concentrates, their content strongly increased with the inclusion of DWB, due to its high concentration in these bioactive compounds
Summary
Some researchers have calculated that almost 90% of the calories produced by vegetable crops used in intensive farming are lost and are not transferred to animal products [1]. This suggests that using human-edible crops to feed animals is an inefficient way to provide calories to humans, and it conflicts with the challenges around global sustainability. Facing with the increasing demand of food for the world’s growing population, the use of non-edible products for humans, mostly crop by-products, as feeds for livestock animals would provide a net gain of foods of high biological value for humans. Durum wheat bran (DWB) can be counted among this type of feed because, due to the high fiber content, this energy source has low efficiency for humans [2]
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