Improvement of mechanical and tribological properties in steel surfaces by using titanium–aluminum/titanium–aluminum nitride multilayered system

Abstract

Improvement of mechanical and tribological properties on AISI D3 steel surfaces coated with [Ti–Al/Ti–Al–N]n multilayer systems deposited in various bilayer periods (Λ) via magnetron co-sputtering pulsed d.c. method, from a metallic binary target; has been studied in this work exhaustively. The multilayer coatings were characterized in terms of structural, chemical, morphological, mechanical and tribological properties by X–ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy, nanoindentation, pin-on-disc and scratch tests, respectively. The failure mode mechanisms were studied by optical microscopy. Results from X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the crystal structure of TiAl/TiAlN multilayer coatings has a tetragonal and FCC NaCl-type lattice structures for Ti–Al and Ti–Al–N, respectively, i.e., it was found to be non-isostructural multilayers. An enhancement of both hardness and elastic modulus up to 29GPa and 260GPa, respectively, was observed as the bilayer periods (Λ) in the coatings were decreased. The sample with a bilayer period (Λ) of 25nm and bilayer number n=100 showed the lowest friction coefficient (∼0.28) and the highest critical load (45N), corresponding to 2.7 and 1.5 times better than those values for the coating deposited with n=1, respectively. These results indicate an enhancement of mechanical, tribological and adhesion properties, comparing to the [Ti–Al/Ti–Al–N]n multilayer systems with 1 bilayer at 26%, 63% and 33%, respectively. This enhancement in hardness and toughness for multilayer coatings could be attributed to the different mechanisms for layer formation with nanometric thickness such as the novel Ti–Al/Ti–Al–N effect and the number of interfaces that act as obstacles for the crack deflection and dissipation of crack energy.