Abstract
In this study, a low-cost chemically defined (CD) culture medium was proposed and evaluated with the aim of replacing culture media such as yeast mold (YM) and yeast peptone dextrose (YPD), commonly used for growth and carotenoid production by Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. Initially, the CD culture medium was compared to the YM and YPD. The growth in optical density (OD) and carotenoid production (mg/L) of the cultures reached 4.88, 6.76, 5.79, and 0.67, 0.92, and 0.69, respectively. The CD culture served as the basis of an improved specific culture medium containing industrial glucose. Additionally, in this new formulation, vitamins, glutamate, and other compounds were evaluated. Industrial glucose more than doubled carotenoid production; however, the addition of vitamins was not essential for X. dendrorhous cultivation. Moreover, glutamate and Na2HPO4 proved to be highly significant factors (p-value < 0.05), increasing carotenoid biosynthesis from 0.67 to 1.33 mg/L. The specific culture was successfully used in a bioreactor at 2 L and 110 L pilot-scale levels, increasing carotenoid production up to 2 mg/L. It was demonstrated that the CD-specific culture medium is an efficient alternative to conventional culture media to carry out carotenoid production at the laboratory and pilot levels, with promising potential for industrial scaling.
Highlights
Accepted: 22 February 2021Nowadays, carotenoids from natural sources have acquired importance in the market, mainly due to their diverse biological features such as the protective response caused by oxidative damage and their potential to act as a precursor to vitamin A formation
We studied the impact of X. dendrorhous on cell growth and carotenoid production when vitamins such as pantothenic acid, nicotinic acid, inositol, thiamine, pyridoxine, p-aminobenzoic acid, and biotin were added directly to the chemically defined (CD) culture medium
The vitamins serve as growth factors for microorganisms, which are needed in small biomass growth, total carotenoid production, and substrate consumption were monitored quantities (
Summary
Accepted: 22 February 2021Nowadays, carotenoids from natural sources have acquired importance in the market, mainly due to their diverse biological features such as the protective response caused by oxidative damage and their potential to act as a precursor to vitamin A formation. Astaxanthin (3,30 -dihydroxy-β, β0 -carotene-4,40 -dione) is a carotenoid pigment and powerful antioxidant belonging to the xanthophylls family It is one of the main pigments available in marine environments, where it contributes to the color of crustacean shells, salmonid flesh, the feathers of some birds (flamingoes), and microalgae [2,3]. This compound has a hydrophobic character [4] and can be found naturally non-esterified or esterified with various fatty acids such as palmitic acid, stearic acid, or linoleic acid. The non-esterified form is commonly susceptible to oxidative degradation [5,6]
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