Abstract
Considering the insufficient global energy consumption optimization of the existing routing algorithms for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN), a new algorithm, named improved energy-balanced routing (IEBR), is designed in this paper for UWSN. The algorithm includes two stages: routing establishment and data transmission. During the first stage, a mathematical model is constructed for transmission distance to find the neighbors at the optimal distances and the underwater network links are established. In addition, IEBR will select relays based on the depth of the neighbors, minimize the hops in a link based on the depth threshold, and solve the problem of data transmission loop. During the second stage, the links built in the first stage are dynamically changed based on the energy level (EL) differences between the neighboring nodes in the links, so as to achieve energy balance of the entire network and extend the network lifetime significantly. Simulation results show that compared with other typical energy-balanced routing algorithms, IEBR presents superior performance in network lifetime, transmission loss, and data throughput.
Highlights
Wireless communication and information technology have been developed to the fifth generation (5G) [1,2,3,4,5], which enabled the realization of various applications based on radio signals [6,7,8,9,10], including satellite systems [11,12,13], they could not be used in an underwater environment
underwater data-aggregating ring (DAR) (UDAR) is the derivative model of DAR in underwater environments and it divides all nodes in Underwater Wireless sensor network (WSN) (UWSN) into different sets based on the hops to the sink, which is called as hop grade (HG)
The sensor with greater depth will not be selected as the relay according to improved energy-balanced routing (IEBR); traditional balanced transmission mechanism (BTM) and Energy-balanced routing (EBR) leave the depth of the node out of account, resulting in the transmission loop, as A → B → A in Fig. 7, so the data packets cannot be transmitted to the sink or additional hops are required, as A → B → C in Fig. 7, which will increase the energy consumption and cause lifetime reduction
Summary
Wireless communication and information technology have been developed to the fifth generation (5G) [1,2,3,4,5], which enabled the realization of various applications based on radio signals [6,7,8,9,10], including satellite systems [11,12,13], they could not be used in an underwater environment. In another work [22], a routing algorithm with efficient energy consumption was proposed based on the sensors’ distance and the residual energy. Improved energy-balanced routing (IEBR) adopts the frames of two classical UWSN protocols, BTM and data-aggregating ring (DAR) [33], which will be descripted, and it modifies their routing and data transmission mechanisms based on the actual needs of UWSN. Simulation results show that compared with other typical energy-balanced routing algorithms, IEBR processes superior performances in network lifetime, transmission loss, and data throughput. UDAR is the derivative model of DAR in underwater environments and it divides all nodes in UWSN into different sets based on the hops to the sink, which is called as hop grade (HG). UDAR achieves energy balance among different nodes, but it may cause the problem of data transmission loop
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