Impressive spectrofluorimetric framework for determination of newly approved anti-coagulant betrixaban using silver-nanoparticles; with assessment of blueness, whiteness and greenness.

Abstract

A straight-forward, affordable, sensitive and ecologically friendly spectrofluorimetric method was introduced for the determination of the newly approved direct oral anticoagulant drug betrixaban (BXN) at the nano-scale level. The approach is based on turning on the fluorescence of BXN using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The synthesis of silver nanoparticles was based on the reduction capability of BXN in response to silver nitrate using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a stabilizing agent, and sodium hydroxide solution for promoting the continuity of the nucleation and growth processes of AgNPs. The synthesized AgNPs were recognized and characterized using UV/visible spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Zeta Potential, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The fabricated AgNPs were found to enhance the fluorescence intensity of BXN, allowing its sensitive and precise quantitative determination at an emission wavelength of 369 nm after excitation at 303 nm. The proposed approach, verified in compliance with International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines, achieved linearity over a concentration range of 0.20–1.5 μg/mL with quantification and detection limits of 0.097 and 0.032 μg/mL, respectively. BXN was estimated in its pure form with a high percentage recovery of 100.52 % and a correlation coefficient of 0.9997. The studied approach was successfully applied for the assay of BXN in newly approved pharmaceutical dosage form with a high percentage of recovery (%Recovery = 100.20 %) and a low percentage of error (%Error = 0.96). Integration of white analytical chemistry was our emphasis in this study to provide sustainable analytical insight. Blueness (BAGI), whiteness (RGB Algorithm) and greenness (GABI and AGREE) of the evolved method were evaluated. An excellent white and green profile with satisfactory results and scores indicated the sustainability and impressive applicability of the evolved approach in pharmaceutical companies and quality control laboratories.