Abstract
User equipment (UE) is required to comply with the relevant radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure limits, which are of relevance to establish the maximum permissible transmitted power and the maximum equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP). Recently, international RF EMF exposure guidelines, such as those published by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) as well as by the IEEE, have been updated. In this paper, the implications of the revised incident power density limits are investigated in terms of maximum permissible transmitted power and the maximum EIRP for devices operating in close proximity of the user. A similar analysis is conducted according to the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulation on RF exposure. EMF compliance of UE is studied by means of numerical modelling of patch antenna arrays of different array sizes taking into consideration of possible beam-steering operations, at frequencies ranging from 10 GHz to 100 GHz. The results are compared with the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) requirements on the total radiated power (TRP) and EIRP levels. The present implications of the incident power density limits for 5G millimeter-wave UE will give valuable insights to mobile equipment manufacturers, network operators, and standardization bodies.
Highlights
The fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication technology, i.e., New Radio (NR), utilizes millimeter-wave frequencies as well as part of the frequency spectrum below 6 GHz [1], [2]
For d = 20 cm, the 4 cm2 requirement determines PMPT for both the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) and IEEE requirements and for all arrays and frequencies investigated in this paper, as the field distribution is nearly uniform within an averaging area
The PMPT and EIRPmax levels for different typical sizes of antenna arrays ranging from 2 × 2 to 16 × 16 have been assessed for 5G user equipment (UE) in the frequency range from 10 GHz to 100 GHz, according to the recently revised incident power density limits specified by the ICNIRP and the IEEE
Summary
The fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication technology, i.e., New Radio (NR), utilizes millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequencies as well as part of the frequency spectrum below 6 GHz [1], [2]. Since mmWave is characterized by larger free-space path loss than the sub-6 GHz bands [3], antenna arrays are employed to achieve higher antenna gain and narrow directional beams. In April 2020, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) published the revised guidelines to limit EMF exposure in the frequency range 100 kHz to 300 GHz [15].
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