Abstract
For the purpose of utilizing electric bus fleets in metropolitan areas and with regard to providing active energy management at depots, a profound understanding of the transactions between the market entities involved in the charging process is given. The paper examines sophisticated charging strategies with energy procurements in joint market operation. Here, operation procedures and characteristics of a depot including the physical layout and utilization of appropriate charging infrastructure are investigated. A comprehensive model framework for a virtual power plant (VPP) is formulated and developed to integrate electric bus fleets in the power plant portfolio, enabling the provision of power system services. The proposed methodology is verified in numerical analysis by providing optimized dispatch schedules in day-ahead and intraday market operations.
Highlights
The rollout of mobility solutions is accompanied by substantial challenges in the transport and energy sector
The paper addresses the specific challenges and opportunities arising with the presence of electric bus fleets in the operation scheme of the electric vehicle supplier/aggregator (EVS/A) and virtual power plant (VPP) operator in liberalized energy markets
Enhanced charging strategies are developed by integrating the electric bus fleet in the energy management of a VPP operator
Summary
The rollout of mobility solutions is accompanied by substantial challenges in the transport and energy sector This includes, for example, the reduction of the total cost of ownership, the provision of sufficient charging infrastructures, the agreement of standards, and the formulation of regulatory requirements [1,2]. Optimal charging schedules are obtained while making use of these additional energy sources for energy market participation and the provision of power system services. This is achieved thanks to novel VPP functions that exploit the potential of optimized redispatch solutions using the storage capacities of the electric bus fleets at a range of spatial and temporal scales.
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