Abstract
Early in 2020, racehorse doping cases revolved around the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) activator IOX-2. While the composition of IOX-2 has also been known and monitored in human doping controls for several years, the testing capability of routine sports drug testing methods was revisited for this newly surfaced doping agent. IOX-2 and the analytically well-established HIF activator roxadustat (FG-4592) share identical precursor/product ion pairs, enabling their co-detection in existing initial testing procedures in routine doping controls for the intact unconjugated analytes. In addition, hydroxylated IOX-2 and the corresponding glucuronic acid conjugates were identified as major metabolites in a microdose elimination study, contributing to enhanced initial testing and confirmation procedures.
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