Impaired climbing and flight behaviour in Drosophila melanogaster following carbon dioxide anaesthesia

Influence of halothane, pentobarbital, carbon dioxide and ether anaesthesia on high-energy phosphate levels in mouse and frog skeletal muscle

Ninety-six male albino rats were trained to lever press for a sucrose reinforcement. Following training, a lever press produced one of the follow ing treatments; a foot shock, an electroconvulsive shock (ECS), carbon dioxide (CC^) anesthesia, foot shock plus ECS, foot shock plus CO2 anesthesia, or no treatment. It was found that ECS produced retrograde amnesia (RA) in the one-trial passiveavoidance learning situation but CO2 anesthesia failed to produce amnesia for the foot shock. Partial recovery from ECS induced RA was effected by a "reminder" shock administered 4 hrs. following ECS treatment. The recovery from amnesia indicates that trauma induced memory loss may not be due to destruction of the memory, as is held by supporters of consolidation theory, but may be due to disruption of retrieval processes necessary for the expression of the memory. vi

Objective There is not any report on the Drosophila model of calcium oxalate calculus in China yet. We performed this study to develop a Drosophila model of calcium oxalate calculus, and to evaluate the stability and applicability of the model. Methods 400 same days old male Drosophila melanogaster were randomly divided into four groups: group A (n1=100), group B (n2=100), group C (n3=100) and group D (n4=100). After carbon dioxide anesthesia, they were transferred into conical flask with medium with 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0% ethylene glycol and normal culture medium respectively. Drosophila were raised in 25 ℃ incubator, and their life span was recorded. After dissection of the Malpighi tubule, the crystal formation of the Drosophila was observed. Then the crystals were obtained and analyzed. Results The crystallization rates of groups A, B, C and D were 87%, 92%, 98% and 6%, respectively (χ2=273.057, P=0.000). The median life span of group A, B, C, D was 36 days, 31 days, 23 days and 52 days respectively, one-way ANOVA showed that F=35.403 and P=0.000. The crystals consisted of calcium oxalate. Conclusion 0.75% of the ethylene glycol concentration is considered to be the ideal concentration due to its high rate of stone formation, the relatively low mortality. In addition, The model is suitable for large sample volume drug test which make big sense for urolithiasis study. Key words: Urolithiasis; Drosophila melanogaster; Malpighi tubule; Ethylene glycol; Model, animal

ArticleBrain CO2 buffering capacity in respiratory acidosis and alkalosis.H Kazemi, D C Shannon, and E Carvallo-GilH Kazemi, D C Shannon, and E Carvallo-GilPublished Online:01 Feb 1967https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1967.22.2.241MoreSectionsPDF (1 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInEmailWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformationCited ByTransport of ions across the choroid plexus epitheliumAcid–base balance and cerebrovascular regulation26 November 2021 | The Journal of Physiology, Vol. 599, No. 24Acid/Base Transporters in CSF Secretion and pH Regulation18 April 2020The choroid plexus sodium-bicarbonate cotransporter NBCe2 regulates mouse cerebrospinal fluid pH12 August 2018 | The Journal of Physiology, Vol. 596, No. 19The murine choroid plexus epithelium expresses the 2Cl−/H+ exchanger ClC-7 and Na+/H+ exchanger NHE6 in the luminal membrane domainHelle H. 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The e.c.g., monitored by telemetry, was used to study changes in the heart activity of sheep bled out after electrical stunning or carbon-dioxide anaesthesia. The decrease in ventricular rate which occurs as sheep are bled out after electrical stunning is apparently attributable to increasingly severe anoxia, rather than to changes in blood pressure. The heart rate at sticking is directly related to the heart rate before electrical stunning, but no relationship was found between the wattseconds used and the heart rate at sticking. However, the greater the number of wattseconds applied, the lower the minimum heart rate recorded after sticking. Exposure to carbon dioxide caused an initial tachycardia, followed by a decreased heart rate and then a secondary increase. The rate rose further when the sheep were removed from the gas. As the percentage of carbon dioxide used increased, the duration of heart activity after sticking decreased. Since high stunning currents cause early atrioventricular block, they might adversely affect bleeding out, if this is dependent on heart activity. High concentrations of carbon dioxide results in earlier termination of heart activity and might affect bleeding out similarly. The lower heart rate of sheep before electrical stunning may indicate that it is inherently less stressful than carbon-dioxide anaesthesia and so less likely to affect meat quality.

Pigment migration in the compound eye of Manduca sexta: Effects of light, nitrogen and carbon dioxide

Chloroform anaesthesia did not impair the memory, change the foraging behaviour, or reduce the longevity of the treated bees; chloroform is therefore a satisfactory anaesthetic for use in experiments on bee behaviour. Carbon dioxide anaesthesia did not impair the memory of treated bees, but it did induce a permanent change in their behaviour. Their pollen-collecting tendencies were either eliminated or suffered very marked reduction. Experiments with foraging bees of known age indicated that the carbon dioxide treatments had no direct effect on longevity. Treatment of recently emerged bees with carbon dioxide eliminated all or most of their brood-rearing and wax-secreting activities and caused them to forage at an early age. Foraging life is more hazardous than life within the hive, and therefore the expectation of life of these carbon-dioxide treated bees was less than that of the controls. The effects of nitrogen anaesthesia were similar to those obtained with carbon dioxide. The factor common to both treatments is oxygen lack. The theoretical and practicable possibilities of these results are discussed.

Journal Article Paraquinone Secretion by Confused Flour Beetles After Carbon Dioxide or Nitrogen Anesthesia Get access Stanley D. Carlson Stanley D. Carlson 2 Stored-Product Insects Research Branch, Market Quality Research Division, Agr. Res. Serv., USDA, Manhattan, Kansas 2Study conducted at Mid-West Grain Insects Investigations, Manhattan, Kansas. Author’s present address: Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 60, Issue 3, 1 June 1967, Pages 878–879, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/60.3.878 Published: 01 June 1967 Article history Accepted: 03 February 1967 Published: 01 June 1967

Environmental carbon dioxide (CO2) could affect various mental and physiological activities in humans, but its effect on daytime sleepiness is still controversial. In a randomized and counterbalanced crossover study with twelve healthy volunteers, we applied a combinational approach using classical frequentist and Bayesian statistics to analyze the CO2 exposure effect on daytime sleepiness and electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. Subjective sleepiness was measured by the Japanese Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS‐J) by recording EEG during CO2 exposure at different concentrations: Normal (C), 4000 ppm (Moderately High: MH), and 40 000 ppm (high: H). The daytime sleepiness was significantly affected by the exposure time but not the CO2 condition in the classical statistics. On the other hand, the Bayesian paired t‐test revealed that the CO2 exposure at the MH condition might induce daytime sleepiness at the 40‐min point compared with the C condition. By contrast, EEG was significantly affected by a short exposure to the H condition but not exposure time. The Bayesian analysis of EEG was primarily consistent with results by the classical statistics but showed different credible levels in the Bayes’ factor. Our result suggested that the EEG may not be suitable to detect objective sleepiness induced by CO2 exposure because the EEG signal was highly sensitive to environmental CO2 concentration. Our study would be helpful for researchers to revisit whether EEG is applicable as a judgment indicator of objective sleepiness.

Growth-retarding effect of carbon-dioxide anaesthesia on the German cockroach

The application of carbon dioxide anesthesia to fish has been studied in order to find a method of transport of live fish. In the continuation of this study, the levels of arterial PaO2, PaCO2 and pH were examined in carp anesthetized with carbon dioxide. In the initial stage of the anesthesia, both PaO2 and PaCO2 increased. In the following stage, PaCO2 gradually decreased. An increase or decrease in PaO2 seems to depend on the levels of PaCO2 during anesthesia. On the other hand, ECG (electrocardiogram) profiles of anesthetized carp indicate that a gradual increase in R-R interval is coupled with a gradual decline of the opercular rate.

Carbon dioxide anaesthesia and succinic dehydrogenase in the corn earworm, Heliothis zea

Modifications of the radiosensitivity of various species of insects have been demonstrated when the insects were exposed to sublethal heating or to various gases. Baldwin and Narraway (1958) reported that the lethal effects of X-rays were drastically modified by temperatures which are normally nonlethal to the test species, Dahlbominus fuscipennis (Zetterstedt) (50°F–114°F), the effect being observed when the temperatures were applied during or after the irradiation, but not when they were applied before the X-ray. Clark and Herr (1955) found that Habrobracon during development was more radioresistant when irradiated in the presence of H2 than in the presence of air. When irradiated in N2 or CO2 the insects were more resistant to radiation damage than those treated in an atmosphere of H2. The effects of preconditioning with variations of temperature or carbon dioxide anesthesia on the susceptibility of confused Hour beetles, Tribolium conjusum Jacquelin duVal, to gamma irradiation was not known. A preliminary test to determine the effects of such preconditioning on the radiation mortality of this species was conducted.

Kin recognition is a complex cognitive process, where an individual should detect a phenotypic cue and compare it to an internal template, which might be genetically determined (i.e., innate or acquired). Kin recognition mechanisms will depend on whether previous encounters with kin are possible or not to form the individual internal template. When relatives have never met before, kin recognition is supposed to rely on recognition alleles (which allows the innate recognition of relatives bearing them), or on self-referent phenotype matching (the individual has formed a template using its own phenotype and recognizes as kin individuals which match it closely enough). Although self-referent phenotype matching is in theory the more likely explanation, it has not been possible so far to exclude experimentally the recognition alleles' hypothesis. Here, we report that kin recognition in the solitary parasitoid larvae of Aleochara bilineata (Coleoptera; Staphylinidae) is suppressed following carbon dioxide anesthesia or chill-coma, both treatments known to cause a temporary amnesia. Treated larvae superparasitize indifferently hosts parasitized either by siblings or by non-kin larvae, while untreated larvae avoid hosts occupied by siblings. The two types of anesthesia thus suppress kin recognition, but their global effect on larvae is different. Chill-coma suppresses the ability to distinguish parasitized from unparasitized hosts and reduces parasitism rate, suggesting an aspecific impairment of sensory receptors or cognition. However, carbon dioxide narcosis only impairs kin recognition, strongly suggesting that an intact memory is necessary for kin recognition to take place. Although this study does not address the recognition alleles' hypothesis per se, our results strongly support a self-referent phenotype matching mechanism. On the whole, kin recognition in A. bilineata larvae is effective through short-term memory, because it is affected by amnesic treatments.

Insect immobilization by several methods: cold, ether, chloroform, or more recently CO2, is a common practice in toxicological studies to facilitate insect handling (Harris et al., 1965). FAO (1969) recommends the use of both cold and carbon dioxide.