Abstract
BackgroundAdopting a healthy lifestyle is associated with prolonged life expectancy. The main modifiable lifestyle-related risk factors are hazardous alcohol drinking, smoking, excess body weight and lack of physical activity. Our aim was to estimate the impact of unfavourable lifestyle factors on abnormalities in laboratory tests reflecting liver status, inflammation and lipid metabolism in a population-based cross-sectional study.MethodsThe study included 22,273 participants (10,561 men, 11,712 women) aged 25–74 years from the National FINRISK Study. Data on alcohol use, smoking, body weight, and physical activity were recorded from structured interviews. The risk scores for the various life style factors were established on a 0–8 scale and used to stratify the population in classes to allow estimates of their joint effects. Serum liver enzymes (GGT, ALT), C-reactive protein (CRP) and lipid profiles were measured using standard laboratory techniques.ResultsConsistent dose-response relationships were observed between the number of unfavourable risk factors and serum levels of GGT, ALT, CRP, cholesterol, HDL, LDL and triglycerides (p < 0.0005 for linear trend in all comparisons). When compared with those with zero risk factors, the multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for abnormalities in all biomarkers were significantly higher in those with a sum of risk score two or more. The most striking increases in ORs in the group with the highest numbers of risk factors were observed among men in serum GGT: 26.6 (12.4–57.0), ALT: 40.3 (5.3–307.8), CRP: 16.2 (7.8–33.7) and serum triglycerides: 14.4 (8.6–24.0).ConclusionsThe data support the view that the presence of unfavourable life style risk factors is associated with distinct abnormalities in laboratory tests for liver function, inflammation and lipid status. Such biomarkers may prove to be of value in the assessment of interventions aimed at reducing unfavourable risk factors and in helping individuals in long-term maintenance of lifestyle modifications.
Highlights
Heavy alcohol drinking, smoking, excess body weight and lack of physical exercise are common modifiable risk factors of lifestyle, which may all contribute to the incidence of chronic diseases and premature death [1,2,3,4,5]
Consistent dose-response relationships were observed between the number of unfavourable risk factors and serum levels of GGT, ALT, C-reactive protein (CRP), cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-associated cholesterol (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglycerides (p < 0.0005 for linear trend in all comparisons)
The most striking increases in odds ratios (ORs) in the group with the highest numbers of risk factors were observed among men in serum GGT: 26.6 (12.4–57.0), ALT: 40.3 (5.3–307.8), CRP: 16.2 (7.8–33.7) and serum triglycerides: 14.4 (8.6–24.0)
Summary
Heavy alcohol drinking, smoking, excess body weight and lack of physical exercise are common modifiable risk factors of lifestyle, which may all contribute to the incidence of chronic diseases and premature death [1,2,3,4,5]. A large body of evidence indicates that the occurrence of increased gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzyme activities in apparently healthy individuals may often be attributed to unhealthy lifestyle factors, such as alcohol consumption or excess body weight [9,10,11,12,13]. The increases in these liver enzymes may associate with extra-hepatic disease risks, including metabolic syndrome, and cardio- or cerebrovascular events [13,14,15]. Our aim was to estimate the impact of unfavourable lifestyle factors on abnormalities in laboratory tests reflecting liver status, inflammation and lipid metabolism in a population-based cross-sectional study
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