Abstract
Fine particulate (PM2.5) is a severe problem of air pollution in the world. Although many studies were performed on examining effects of PM2.5 on human health, the understanding of PM2.5 influence on aquatic organisms is limited. Due to wet deposition, the pollutants in PM2.5 can enter aquatic ecosystems and affect aquatic organisms. This study tested the hypothesis that PM2.5 will negatively affect the behavior of freshwater snail Parafossarulus striatulus (Benson, 1842). Along with PM2.5, a number of components (Al, Pb, and Zn) that are commonly present in PM2.5 were also tested for their effects on the snail's behavior. The snail behavior was scored using the Behavioral State Score (BSS), ranging from 0 (no movement) to 5 (active locomotion and fully extended body). The result shows that high PM2.5 concentration dose (7.75 mg/L) induced a significant decrease in snails’ movement behavior, and such reduced movement. The same behavior was also observed for treatments with chemical components related to PM2.5, including aluminum and acidity (pH 5.0). In contrast, a low concentration of PM2.5 (3.88 mg/L), lead, and zinc did not significantly affect snails’ behavior. The results suggest that high PM2.5 deposition in water bodies, associated with acidification and some metals, can have an adverse effect on aquatic organisms.
Highlights
Particulate matters (PM) are defined as a suspension of fine particles with variable composition that are less than 100 micrometers in diameter[1,2,3]
The results show that there was a significant decrease of snails’ behavioral state score (BSS) under high concentration of PM2.5 treatment, as well as increased acidity, the latter of which is the characteristic of PM2.5
PM2.5 is an important pollutant composed of a complex mixture of geographically and temporally variable components
Summary
Particulate matters (PM) are defined as a suspension of fine particles with variable composition that are less than 100 micrometers in diameter[1,2,3]. For a number of metallic ions in various PM2.5 samples, metal species of Al, Pb, and Zn are among the most prevalent ones[27], which have potential deteriorating effects on aquatic ecosystem quality through rainfall and surface runoff[28, 29]. These three metal ions were present in high concentrations in PM2.5 samples sourced from various regions, along with other metals such as Fe, Ca, Na and K23, 30. A few metallic ions were selected, because PM2.5 samples often contain aluminum, lead and zinc[38], which have potential negative impact on aquatic ecosystems and biota[2, 28, 29, 39].We hypothesized that aluminum, zinc, and low pH condition will reduce the activity of the snails, in terms of movement behavior, while lead will induce hyperactivity on the snails[31, 37, 39,40,41,42,43,44,45]
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