Abstract
Simple SummaryMicrobiota can enter and persist in raw milk at several stages of the farming chain. The development of culture-independent methods and high-throughput DNA sequencing techniques have improved the approach to study microbiota communities in milk and milk products. This work aimed to determine the effects of farming environments on milk microbiota using the high-throughput DNA sequencing technique, and to elucidate the relationship among the microbiota. The effects of the farming environment on the microbiota in milk can guide farm and management practices to ensure that the milk is not contaminated with bacteria during milking and processing, thereby improving the quality of the milk.The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of farming environments on microbiota in raw milk and to assess the relationship among microbes by 16S rRNA sequencing methods. Samples of raw milk, cow trough water, teat dip cup, teat, teat liner, dairy hall air, cowshed air, feces, feed, and bedding from two farms were collected. The two highest abundant bacterial groups of Moraxellaceae and Staphylococcaceae were found in milk and teat liner samples, respectively, at Zhengzhou farm, Henan Province. Moreover, the two highest abundant bacterial groups of Enterobacteriaceae and Moraxellaceae were found in milk and teat dip cup samples, respectively, at Qiqihar farm, Heilongjiang Province. Source Tracker analysis revealed that the teat liner and teat dip cup were the most important contributors of microbes in milk samples at Zhengzhou farm and Qiqihar farm, respectively, which could be attributed to the management level of the farm. Therefore, disinfection and cleaning procedures should be developed to improve the quality of raw milk.
Highlights
Milk is a nutritious food as it contains many essential nutrients and biologically active compounds such as lipids, proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, fat globule membranes and immunoglobulins [1,2,3,4].milk is susceptible to deterioration and its quality is affected by microbiota contamination.Microbiota spoilage is a contributor to milk product waste and constitutes a potential food safety challenge to human health
Samples were defined as a possible “source” of microorganisms or a “sink”
We further explored the relationship of taxa versus milk, water, teat, teat liner, teat dip cup, air, feed, feces, or bedding samples through principal coordinates analysis (PCoA)
Summary
Milk is a nutritious food as it contains many essential nutrients and biologically active compounds such as lipids, proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, fat globule membranes and immunoglobulins [1,2,3,4].milk is susceptible to deterioration and its quality is affected by microbiota contamination.Microbiota spoilage is a contributor to milk product waste and constitutes a potential food safety challenge to human health. Vacheyrou et al adopted a culture-based approach to study possible pathways of microbiota transmission within farms and demonstrated that the type of barns used to house cattle and teat surfaces were the main factors of milk contamination [11]. Quintana et al adopted a MALDI-TOF approach to study possible contamination routes of on sheep’s milk microbiota on a farm and demonstrated that the farming practices was the main factor for milk contamination [15]. The development of culture-independent methods and high-throughput DNA sequencing techniques have improved the approach to study microbiota communities in milk and milk products [10,16,17,18,19,20,21]. The high-throughput DNA sequencing technique can discover more viable but non-cultivable microorganisms, extremely rare microorganisms in the community can be detected, and it can more accurately determine the relative abundance of various microorganisms in the environment
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