Abstract
This paper is aimed to investigate the driving forces for human-wildlife conflict in developing countries in order to develop conservation strategies. Human-wildlife conflict has been occurring whenever an action by human or wildlife in a particular habitat. This problem has been in existence as long as wild animals and people shared the same resources. The expansion of human population into or near to areas inhabited by wildlife and modification of the natural environments for agricultural activities escalate human-wildlife conflict. The problem of human-wildlife conflict is frequently reported in developing countries in the form of crop raiding, livestock depredation, predation on managed wild animal species or killing of people. Crop damage is the most prevalent form of human-wildlife conflict across African continent. Hippopotamuses, baboons, rodents, grivet monkey, squirrels, porcupines, pigs, deer, elephants, spotted hyenas, leopards, and lions are some of the reported wildlife that affects community livelihoods in developing countries. Crop loss and livestock depredation by wildlife is contributing the problem of food insecurity and poverty in developing countries. Human wildlife conflict hinders the conservation of animals in the natural habitats and poses the greatest challenges to the persistence and survival of wildlife. Therefore, all concerned stakeholders will work to minimize the existing humanwildlife conflict through developing human-wildlife conflict management techniques. Keywords: Crop loss,crop-raiding, developing countries, human-wildlife, livestock depredation
Highlights
Human-wildlife conflicts (HWC) occurred when human beings take negative actions on wildlife and vice-versa. Conover (2002) defined the term Human-Wildlife Conflict (HWC) as occurring whenever an action by human or wildlife has an adverse effect on each other
When contradictory situation appears between people and wildlife in the form of crop raiding, livestock depredation, killing of people leads to HWC(Woodroffe et al, 2005).The issue of HWC is not a recent phenomenon
Human-wildlife conflicts have been in existence as long as wild animals and people shared the same resources
Summary
Human-wildlife conflicts (HWC) occurred when human beings take negative actions on wildlife and vice-versa. Conover (2002) defined the term HWC as occurring whenever an action by human or wildlife has an adverse effect on each other. Conover (2002) defined the term HWC as occurring whenever an action by human or wildlife has an adverse effect on each other Such conflicts have been recorded thought the world in terrestrial, aquatic, and aerial environments and have involved a wide variety of animal taxa (Torres et al.,2018). Crop-riding by wild animals is a common problem all over the world (Fenta, 2014; Gandiwa et al, 2013; Gandiwa et al, 2012; Kate, 2012; Gusset et al,(2009) This conflict is worsening in areas where humans and wild animal’s requirements overlap (Gandiwa et al, 2012). Understanding drivers of HWC is a prerequisite for developing effective and cost efficient conservation
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