Impacts of Crop Rotation and Irrigation on Soilborne Diseases and Soil Microbial Communities

Abstract

Crop rotation provides numerous benefits to crop production, and is essential to reduce the build-up of soilborne plant pathogens and diseases that can devastate potato crops grown in multiple consecutive years. Crop rotations can reduce soilborne diseases through a variety of mechanisms, including changes in soil microbial communities, but different types of rotation crops can have very different effects. Crop rotations may be implemented as full-season harvestable crops, cover crops, or as green manures, with each approach having different impacts on soilborne diseases. In recent research in Maine, full-season rotation crops, such as barley, ryegrass, canola, and rapeseed, in 2-year and 3-year rotations with potato substantially reduced (15–50% reduction) Rhizoctonia and other soilborne diseases. Addition of a fall cover crop of winter rye to existing rotations further reduced Rhizoctonia and common scab diseases by another 5–20%. Use of specific disease-suppressive rotation crops as green manures can provide even greater reductions in soilborne diseases. In an ongoing large-scale study examining the effects of several different cropping system strategies both with and without irrigation, a disease-suppressive approach (utilizing Brassica and sudangrass green manures, fall cover crops, and high crop diversity) reduced soilborne diseases better than any other cropping system (25–58% reduction), and both the disease-suppressive and a soil improving (with compost amendments) system substantially increased tuber yield (19–42%). Irrigation also increased yield (∼28%) in most systems. Combining the disease-suppressive rotation with irrigation increased yield by 53% relative to non-irrigated continuous potato. Combining effective crop rotations with other compatible components of integrated pest management can provide more effective and sustainable disease management and crop productivity.