Abstract
The impact of Euro 4 compression ignition engines over the air quality in Europe has been analyzed in this work by comparing them with Euro 6d emissions regulation. The Euro 6d diesel engine has been chosen as the preferred replacement according to its advantages in global warming potential (GWP) emissions, like methane hydrocarbons (MHC) and CO2, with respect to Euro 6d petrol-based powertrains. The motivation for this study is that the effects of the emissions reduction policies, as the implementation of the regulation Euro 6d, are necessarily limited due to the great number of passenger cars still in circulation that were homologated under Euro 4 or older standards. To address the impact of the old vehicle pool, a Worldwide harmonized Light-vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC) has been used to analyze the performance and pollutant emissions of a Euro 4 diesel engine in altitude conditions. This driving cycle and engine are considered as a baseline for the subsequent discussion, where the altitude plays a key role because of the European geography. It forces passenger cars to drive over sea level during a significant number of trips. Thus, an analysis of how significant would be the impact of energy policies promoting the substitution of the pre-Euro 5 diesel fleet (>10 years old) by modern Euro 6d engines in the short term on the pollutants and GWP emissions reduction is presented.
Highlights
As new internal combustion engines emission regulations are implemented, the automotive engine manufacturers look for new control strategies and technologies to face the challenge of the increasingly restrictive limits to pollutant emissions [1]
This paper proposes combining altitude and Worldwide harmonized Light-vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC) in a number of experiments performed in laboratory-controlled testing conditions as representative as possible of Real Driving Emissions (RDE) tests for old Euro 4 diesel engines, which are investigated in this work
The deviation with respect to sea level of the air mass consumed by the engine is represented in Figure 10 where it is shown that the air consumption of the engine is deeply related with the Exhaust Gases Recirculation (EGR) valve control strategy
Summary
As new internal combustion engines emission regulations are implemented, the automotive engine manufacturers look for new control strategies and technologies to face the challenge of the increasingly restrictive limits to pollutant emissions [1]. Its control stability while coupled with an engine performing load and speed cycles has been validated in two different situations: Keeping constant altitude, i.e., simulating a plateau [6], and reproducing the climb and descent of a mountain [17] The results of these laboratory-controlled cycles are used to identify the primary causes of the pollutant peaks during altitude driving. This study has been carried out to deeply analyze the behavior of a Euro 4 diesel engine when working at sea level and in different altitude conditions. Considering the population distribution presented by these different approaches, it can be concluded that all the results are comparable and that the traffic in altitude represents a very significant portion of the global European traffic This conclusion supports the need to quantify and analyze the behavior, performance, and pollutant emissions of the automotive engines when working in altitude
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