Abstract
 In recent years, the iterative decoding techniques have played a role in improving the performance (e.g., bit error rate) and reducing the complexity of various digital communication systems. Techniques of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) are the main technology to enhance and achieve high-speed, high data rates, improved reliability and coverage in wireless communications. The modern wireless communications require a low complexity system for detection, since a high CPU processing involves more energy consumption and thus less flexibility in mobility terms. The sphere decoding (SD) technique proposed to solve this problem, such as an efficient algorithm. The norm-2 or l^2-norm (Euclidean metric) considered as a traditional norm that is used to achieve the tree traversal stage in SD algorithm. This work is divided into two parts; Firstly, we propose to using Infinity-Norm or l^∞-norm instead l^2-norm to decreases the hardware complexity of SD with a loss of performance is negligible, the simulation results show that the proposed l^∞-norm SD needs 14.5% to 5.9% fewer complexities than l^2-norm SD. Secondly, we are investigating the impact of choosing initial radius on the performance and complexity of SD algorithm, we can conclude from the simulation results, that gain a better performance requires increasing in the initial radius of an SD algorithm from d1 (γ =2) to d3 (γ =8), and this mean addition more complexity due to the tradeoff  between performance and complexity.    In recent years, the iterative decoding techniques have played a role in improving the performance (e.g., bit error rate) and reducing the complexity of various digital communication systems. Techniques of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) are the main technology to enhance and achieve high-speed, high data rates, improved reliability and coverage in wireless communications. The modern wireless communications require a low complexity system for detection, since a high CPU processing involves more energy consumption and thus less flexibility in mobility terms. The sphere decoding (SD) technique proposed to solve this problem, such as an efficient algorithm. The norm-2 or -norm (Euclidean metric) considered as a traditional norm that is used to achieve the tree traversal stage in SD algorithm. This work is divided into two parts; Firstly, we propose to using Infinity-Norm or -norm instead -norm to decreases the hardware complexity of SD with a loss of performance is negligible, the simulation results show that the proposed -norm SD needs 14.5% to 5.9% fewer complexities than -norm SD. Secondly, we are investigating the impact of choosing initial radius on the performance and complexity of SD algorithm, we can conclude from the simulation results, that gain a better performance require increasing in the initial radius of an SD algorithm from d1 ( =2) to d3 ( =8), and this mean addition more complexity due to the tradeoff between performance and complexity.
Highlights
In the future, communication systems need to use the available spectrum with large efficient in order to increase throughput
Using the system model for 4×4 uncoded multiple input multiple outputs (MIMO) with 4-QAM modulation, from Figure 1 we can discuss the use of the advantage -norm rather than -norm in sphere decoding (SD) algorithm, which show the BER performance of the SD algorithm
The comparison between -norm SD, -norm SD and maximum likelihood detector (MLD) turns out that the performance of -norm SD identical with the performance of MLD and there is a little degradation in performance of -norm SD measuring with the performance of
Summary
Communication systems need to use the available spectrum with large efficient in order to increase throughput. Spectral efficiency can be increased by using multiple transmit / receive antennas like multiple input multiple outputs (MIMO)[1] systems. A novel and efficient MIMO detection algorithm for any wireless communication systems must include some important features such as low-complexity, near-optimal performance and robust scheme. The maximum likelihood detector (MLD) [15] can present outstanding performance; but, it suffers from high computational complexity in practical implementation especially when increasing the number of transmit antennas to achieve a good transmission capacity in MIMO systems. SD with -norm showed a promising approach to near-optimal MIMO detection at low hardware complexity For these reasons that we mentioned, we decide to study the -norm instead of -norm in SD algorithm.
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