Abstract
Naturally-occurring radioactive material (NORM) is the term used to describe materials containing radionuclides that exist in the natural environment. The radionuclides of interest include long-lived radionuclides such as uranium-238 (238U), uranium-235 (235U) and thorium-232 (232Th) and their radioactive decay products (such as isotopes of radium, radon, polonium, bismuth and lead), and individual long-lived radionuclides such aspotassium-40 (40K), rubidium-87 (87Rb) and indium-115 (115In). The parent radionuclides have decay times (half-lives) which are comparable with or larger than the age of the earth, so they have always been present in the earth’s crust and within the tissues of all living species. Where materials contain radionuclides from the naturally occurring decay chains (238U, 235U, 232Th), the large number of radionuclides in each chain, and the resulting large range of physical and chemical properties of the individual radionuclides, means that there can be a highly variable degree of secular equilibrium between the individual members of the chains
Highlights
Enhanced naturally occurring radioactive material (TE-Naturally-occurring radioactive material (NORM))) and enhanced potential for exposure to naturally occurring radioactive materials in products, byproducts, residues and wastes
(1.1)The origins of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM). Radioactive materials such as Uranium and Thorium were incorp- orated in the Earth’s crust when it was formed; these normally exist at trace concentrations in rock formations
Decay of these unstable radioactive elements produces other radionuclides that, under certain conditions in the subsurface environment are mobile and can be transported from the reservoir to the surface with the oil & gas products being recovered .During the production process, NORM flows with the oil, gas and water mixture and accumulates in scale, sludge and scrapings
Summary
Enhanced naturally occurring radioactive material (TE-NORM)) and (or) enhanced potential for exposure to naturally occurring radioactive materials in products, byproducts, residues and wastes. This can result in forming thin radioactive films on the inner surfaces of gas processing Equipment such as scrubbers, Compressors, reflex pumps, control Valves and product lines.
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