Abstract
Sea surface roughness is one of several factors that significantly influences high‐frequency (1–50‐kHz) acoustic wave propagation in shallow water. The evolving sea surface introduces several variability effects including Doppler shift. Data analyses from high‐frequency acoustic experiments show high‐correlation between time, angle, and intensity fluctuations of received signals and varying sea surface conditions. In order to assess detailed acoustic signal interactions with the sea surface, a realistic wave model is developed and combined with an acoustic ray‐based model. Model validity is evaluated by comparing the results with data from multiple experiments. [Work supported by ONR 321OA.]
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