Impact of Spent Mushroom Substrates on the Fate of Pesticides in Soil, and Their Use for Preventing and/or Controlling Soil and Water Contamination: A Review.

María Sánchez-Martín,M Rodríguez-Cruz,Jesús Marín-Benito

doi:10.3390/toxics4030017

María Sánchez-Martín, M Rodríguez-Cruz + Show 1 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics4030017

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Abstract

Intensive crop production involves a high consumption of pesticides. This is a cause of major environmental concern because the presence of pesticides in water is becoming increasingly common. Physicochemical methods based on soil modification with organic residues have been developed to enhance the immobilization and/or degradation of pesticides in agricultural soils, which may control both the diffuse and the point pollution of soils and waters. This review summarizes the influence of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) on the environmental fate of pesticides when both are simultaneously applied in agriculture. The processes of adsorption, leaching and dissipation of these compounds in SMS-amended soils were evaluated at laboratory and field scale. Relationships were established between the experimental parameters obtained and the properties of the soils, the SMS, and the pesticides in order to determine the effect that the application of SMS in agricultural soils has on the environmental impact of pesticides. Accordingly, this review highlights the use of SMS as a strategy for the prevention and/or control of soil and water contamination by pesticides to strike a balance between agricultural development and the use of these compounds.

Highlights

The simultaneous addition of pesticides and organic amendments to soils is a common farming practice in agriculture today
spent mushroom substrate (SMS) could be used as an organic soil amendment with a dual purpose: (1) enhance the sustainable recycling of this residue, increasing soil quality, and (2) as a method to control the behavior of pesticides when applied jointly with the SMS in soils
The results reported in the literature indicate that different doses of SMS can be applied to soil in order to develop a physicochemical strategy to prevent or control soil and water contamination

Summary

Introduction

The simultaneous addition of pesticides and organic amendments to soils is a common farming practice in agriculture today. Pesticides increase crop yields and protect them from pests and organic amendments, preserving soil health and quality. This involves a high consumption of pesticides to ensure food supply for the world’s growing population (currently over 7.4 billion people, with this figure expected to rise to 9.7 billion by 2050); on the other, an increase in the organic matter (OM) content of soils is required to improve their fertility and avoid their degradation by agricultural practices [1,2,3]. Agricultural practices include the application of pesticides to eliminate pests and diseases from crops. Farmers consider pesticides to be essential compounds for controlling the pests and diseases that threaten our food supply. Among a wide variety of pesticides, the highest percentages of application correspond to herbicides (48.5%), followed by fungicides and bactericides (26.6%), and insecticides (18.9%) [3]

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