Abstract
In the context of the European decarbonization strategy, hydrogen is a key energy carrier in the medium to long term. The main advantages deriving from a greater penetration of hydrogen into the energy mix consist in its intrinsic characteristics of flexibility and integrability with alternative technologies for the production and consumption of energy. In particular, hydrogen allows to: i) decarbonise end uses, since it is a zero-emission energy carrier and can be produced with processes characterized by the absence of greenhouse gases emissions (e.g. water electrolysis); ii) help to balancing electricity grid supporting the integration of non-programmable renewable energy sources; iii) exploit the natural gas transmission and distribution networks as storage systems in overproduction periods. However, the hydrogen injection into the natural gas infrastructures directly influences thermophysical properties of the gas mixture itself, such as density, calorific value, Wobbe index, speed of sound, etc [1]. The change of the thermophysical properties of gaseous mixture, in turn, directly affects the end use service in terms of efficiency and safety as well as the metrological performance and reliability of the volume and gas quality measurement systems. In this paper, the authors present the results of a study about the impact of hydrogen injection on the properties of the natural gas mixture. In detail, the changes of the thermodynamic properties of the gaseous mixtures with different hydrogen content have been analysed. Moreover, the theoretical effects of the aforementioned variations on the accuracy of the compressibility factor measurement have been also assessed.
Highlights
The increasing penetration of non-programmable renewable energy sources (RES) in electricity generation is impacting considerably on the power grid management system
The authors have proved that all tested gases remain in group "H" when hydrogen is injected into natural gas with a content ranging from 2% to 23%
Where: i) V0 is the ideal molar volume of the mixture calculated according to the ideal gas law; ii) M is the molar mass of the gas mixture calculated from: NN
Summary
The increasing penetration of non-programmable renewable energy sources (RES) (e.g. photovoltaic and wind) in electricity generation is impacting considerably on the power grid management system. Exploiting the natural gas (NG) transmission and distribution networks, as well as the storage features of the existing NG infrastructure, the hydrogen produced from surplus renewable energy can be injected into the NG pipeline system allowing to store large amounts of energy on large-scale and for long-term period [3] This will allow to decarbonize end-use sectors (e.g., buildings, transport, industry), since it is a zero-emission energy carrier, in addition to offer balancing and regulation services to the power grid. As regards the effects on the volume conversion, Łach [12] investigated the effects of H2NG on the calculation of the compressibility factor To this end, tests were carried out in the laboratory of the Polish National Research Oil and Gas Institute to compare SGERG88 and AGA8-DC92 methods to determine the compressibility coefficient of gas with an increasing hydrogen content. In order to assess the reliability of measurement systems installed on existing gas infrastructures, the impact of hydrogen injection on the accuracy of the compressibility factor measurement have been evaluated
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