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Abstract
The present work proposes a teaching–learning-based optimization (TLBO)-tuned fuzzy proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller of two-area hydro-thermal generating units for automatic generation control (AGC). The proposed system takes into account the physical constraints such as transport delay (TD), generation rate constraint (GRC), and governor dead band (GDB) nonlinearities. Firstly, fuzzy PID controllers were designed for both the areas and their gains were optimized using various minimization objective function criteria. Furthermore, applications of flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices such as static synchronous series compensator (SSSC), thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC), thyristor-controlled phase shifter (TCPS), and unified power flow controller (UPFC) were investigated by integrating FACTS devices in appropriate locations of the system. The simulation results revealed that the minimum objective values were attained when the UPFC was placed in the system. Lastly, robustness analysis was done to observe the capability of the proposed controller with UPFC by changing system parameters and considering random load disturbances.
Highlights
In recent years, the consumption of power increased gradually regardless of power generation.This sudden increase in load creates some imbalances in power system operation such as the frequency and tie-line power deviations
For improving and speeding up performance in automatic generation control (AGC), some flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices are included in the power system model [31,32]. By taking all these issues into consideration, the present paper proposes controlling the AGC of a multi-area power system by using FACTS devices with the inclusion of non-linearities
A step load perturbation (SLP) of 1% was applied in area1 and fuzzy PID controllers were incorporated to minimize the frequency and tie-line power deviations
Summary
The consumption of power increased gradually regardless of power generation. This sudden increase in load creates some imbalances in power system operation such as the frequency and tie-line power deviations. This problem can be avoided by connecting a fast-acting automatic generation control for controlling the power generation between various control areas by holding the frequency as constant [1,2,3,4]. Automatic generation control plays a vital role in large-scale interconnected electrical power units to maintain the frequency and tie-line power as close as possible to the pre-defined values. The speed governing system in the AGC helps to manage the frequency and tie-line power within pre-defined values by varying the mechanical power input to the generators. A healthy power system must supervise the load changes and system disturbances to ensure an acceptable quality of power through the preservation of voltage and frequency within acceptable boundaries [5,6,7,8]
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