Abstract
Nutrition affects the environmental impact of milk production through its direct influence on enteric fermentation and excretion of undigested and excess nutrients, especially nitrogenous compounds, in manure and its indirect influence on daily level of milk output per cow and fertility. The higher the level of milk production and fertility, the lower the emissions intensity, or carbon footprint, of a dairy herd. Increasing feed efficiency reduces greenhouse gas emissions per litre of milk because emissions are spread over higher product output per cow. Nitrogen use efficiency and cow fertility can be increased and diet carbon footprint reduced by altering diet formulation to utilise by-product raw material feeds of low carbon footprint.
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