Abstract
The present study assessed the effects of freeze-dried cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), an anthocyanin enriched in dark-red berries, compared to Saskatoon berry powder (SBp) on metabolism, inflammatory markers and gut microbiota in high fat-high sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced insulin-resistant mice. Male C57 BL/6J mice received control, HFHS, HFHS + SBp (8.0 g/kg/day) or HFHS + C3G (7.2 mg/kg/day, equivalent C3G in SBp) diet for 11 weeks. The HFHS diet significantly increased plasma levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin resistance and inflammatory markers. The HFHS + SBp diet increased the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes (B/F) ratio and relative abundance of Muriculaceae family bacteria in mouse feces detected using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The HFHS + SBp or HFHS + C3G diet attenuated glucose, lipids, insulin resistance and inflammatory markers, and increased the B/F ratio and Muriculaceae relative abundance compared to the HFHS diet alone. The relative abundances of Muriculaceae negatively correlated with body weight, glucose, lipids, insulin resistance and inflammatory mediators. Functional predication analysis suggested that the HFHS diet upregulated gut bacteria genes involved in inflammation, and downregulated bacteria involved in metabolism. C3G and SBp partially neutralized HFHS diet-induced alterations of gut bacteria. The results suggest that C3G is a potential prebiotic, mitigating HFHS diet-induced disorders in metabolism, inflammation and gut dysbiosis, and that C3G contributes to the metabolic beneficial effects of SBp.
Highlights
Diabetes has become one of the most common metabolic disorders worldwide, and the trend of this surge is continuing
The major novel findings generated from the present study include: (1) the supplementation of C3G significantly reduced high fat-high sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, insulin resistance, inflammatory markers and gut dysbiosis in mice in similar extents as those treated with Saskatoon berry powder (SBp) containing a comparable amount of C3G, (2) the HFHS diet supplemented with C3G increased the abundance of Bacteroidetes phylum bacteria and decreased the abundance of Firmicutes phylum bacteria compared to the HFHS diet alone, (3) C3G supplementation increased the abundance of gut Muribaculaceae family bacteria in comparable intensity as SBp supplementation, but the influence of C3G on several other types of family bacteria differed from that in mice receiving SBp
The results suggest that both SBp and C3G supplementation upregulated the relative abundance of Muriculaceae family bacteria, a type of gut bacteria negatively correlated with diabetes and inflammation, in mice gut, but their effects on the regulation of other family bacteria were not consistent, which indicates that the difference in other family bacteria may result from other components in SBp
Summary
Diabetes has become one of the most common metabolic disorders worldwide, and the trend of this surge is continuing. Nine out of ten diabetic patients in adults have type 2 diabetes (T2D), which is characterized as insulin resistance and is often associated with obesity [1]. A Western pattern diet enriched with fat or sugar plays a crucial role in the epidemic of T2D in the world [3]. T2D is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation [4]. Accumulating lines of evidence suggest that gut microbiota plays an important role in the development of diabetes, obesity and inflammation [5]. Foods are the most common modulator of gut microbiota. Western pattern diet-induced gut dysbiosis is associated with obesity and T2D [6]
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