Abstract
COVID-19 is reported as one of the most widespread diseases in the world. An extraordinary number of articles and manuscripts have focused on the inflammatory cascade and sequelae, showing the important roles of cytokines and renin-angiotensin levels and possible links to other pathologies. Nowadays, interest regarding the possible correlation between COVID-19 and periodontal and Peri-implant diseases is increasing. This mini-review aims to collect data regarding the possible correlation between COVID-19 and periodontitis or Peri-implantitis through the analysis of articles published in the last 3 years. The following keywords were used: ([periodontitis OR periodontal disease] AND [COVID-19]); ([Peri-implantitis OR mucositis] AND [COVID-19 OR Sars-CoV-2]). The inclusion criteria were studies on COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 and periodontitis or Peri-implantitis, and studies on the molecular and cellular aspect of COVID-19 in periodontal or Peri-implant tissues. The search revealed 484 articles in total (PubMed 208 and Scopus 276). After a screening of titles and abstracts, 47 articles were included in the full-text analysis. Two articles comprised the Peri-implant group: a short communication and a review. Regarding the periodontal group, 45 articles were selected and analyzed according to the type of study, population, and aim. Of these, 10 articles were clinical studies, and the other 35 were hypotheses, reviews, letters to the editor, or commentaries. In conclusion, according to the data extracted, a mutual correlation between COVID-19 and periodontitis can be stated; however, data linked to Peri-implantitis are still missing, and future clinical studies are still needed.
Highlights
Periodontal and Peri-implant diseases and Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) are three pathologies with different onsets and origins [1,2,3]
Periodontitis and Peri-implantitis are inflammatory conditions linked to the presence of bacteria, biofilms, and other factors related to susceptibility and genetic inheritance [3,4,5,6]
The data collected focused on the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) in facilitating the entrance of SARS-CoV-2 into the organism and at the same time inducing activation of an inflammatory cascade as mentioned in a hypothesis published by Mancini et al in 2020 [15, 16]
Summary
Periodontal and Peri-implant diseases and Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) are three pathologies with different onsets and origins [1,2,3]. The data collected focused on the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) in facilitating the entrance of SARS-CoV-2 into the organism and at the same time inducing activation of an inflammatory cascade as mentioned in a hypothesis published by Mancini et al in 2020 [15, 16] This inflammatory pattern, as reported in a clinical study, might be accentuated in the presence of periodontitis [17]. The link between Peri-implantitis and COVID19 was a hypothesis already published 2 years ago according to Kadkhodazadeh et al [19], where the inability to attend follow-up visits might make patients more susceptible to plaque accumulation and bleeding. This review aimed to collect data and summarize possible correlations, hypotheses, and clinical reports regarding the links between periodontitis, Peri-implantitis, and COVID-19
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