Impact of co-existence of PMQR genes and QRDR mutations on fluoroquinolones resistance in Enterobacteriaceae strains isolated from community and hospital acquired UTIs

Abstract

BackgroundFluoroquinolones are commonly recommended as treatment for urinary tract infections (UTIs). The development of resistance to these agents, particularly in gram-negative microorganisms complicates treatment of infections caused by these organisms. This study aimed to investigate antimicrobial resistance of different Enterobacteriaceae species isolated from hospital- acquired and community-acquired UTIs against fluoroquinolones and correlate its levels with the existing genetic mechanisms of resistance.MethodsA total of 440 Enterobacteriaceae isolates recovered from UTIs were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes and mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of gyrA and parC genes were examined in quinolone-resistant strains.ResultsAbout (32.5%) of isolates were resistant to quinolones and (20.5%) were resistant to fluoroquinolones. All isolates with high and intermediate resistance phenotypes harbored one or more PMQR genes. QnrB was the most frequent gene (62.9%) of resistant isolates. Co-carriage of 2 PMQR genes was detected in isolates (46.9%) with high resistance to ciprofloxacin (CIP) (MICs > 128 μg/mL), while co-carriage of 3 PMQR genes was detected in (6.3%) of resistant isolates (MICs > 512 μg/mL). Carriage of one gene only was detected in intermediate resistance isolates (MICs of CIP = 1.5–2 μg/mL). Neither qnrA nor qnrC genes were detected. The mutation at code 83 of gyrA was the most frequent followed by Ser80-Ile in parC gene, while Asp-87 Asn mutation of gyrA gene was the least, where it was detected only in high resistant E. coli isolates (MIC ≥128 μg/mL). A double mutation in gyrA (Lys154Arg and Ser171Ala) was observed in high FQs resistant isolates (MIC of CIP < 128 μg/mL).ConclusionFQs resistance is caused by interact between PMQR genes and mutations in both gyrA and parC genes while a mutation in one gene only can explain quinolone resistance. Accumulation of PMQR genes and QRDR mutations confers high resistance to FQs.