Discovery of a fluoroquinolone-resistant Serratia marcescens clinical isolate without quinolone resistance-determining region mutations.

Abstract

Sir, Serratia marcescens, once considered to be an innocuous and non-pathogenic organism, is now an important cause of hospital-acquired infections. This organism is associated with respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, septicemia, meningitis, and wound infections [1, 2]. S. marcescens infections are difficult to treat because of high resistance to a wide variety of antibiotics, including cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, and aztreonam [2]. Fluoroquinolones are broad-spectrum bactericidal antimicrobial agents that are used to treat various bacterial infections. Although S. marcescens infections are frequently treated with fluoroquinolones, the incidence of fluoroquinolone resistance continues to increase in clinical settings in China [2]. Fluoroquinolone resistance is mainly caused by chromosomal mutations affecting the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of gyrA and gyrB, which encode DNA gyrase subunits, and parC and parE, which encode topoisomerase IV subunits [3]. Moreover, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes have been reported in gram-negative bacteria, including S. marcescens, and include the qnr, qep, and oqx systems [4]. The major cause of fluoroquinolone resistance is chromosomal mutation. The acquisition of PMQR genes alone results in a low level of fluoroquinolone resistance and does not lead to minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) exceeding the threshold of these agents [3]. We isolated a S. marcescens strain, designated as GN0780, from the wound drainage fluid of a 66-yr-old male patient who had femoral fractures and was admitted to the Department of Orthopedics at the People's Hospital of Huangshan (Huangshan, China) in 2011. The MICs of ciprofloxacin (CIP), levofloxacin (LVX), gatifloxacin (GAT), and nalidixic acid (NAL) exceeded the resistance thresholds proposed by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2012) (Table 1) [5]. Surprisingly, direct DNA sequencing of the QRDRs did not reveal any mutations in gyrA, gyrB, parC, or parE when compared with the wild-type strain (Table 1). We then screened for the PMQR genes qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, qnrC, qnrD, aac(6')-Ib-cr, qepA, and oqxAB by PCR. None of the PMQR genes were identified in S. marcescens GN0780 (Table 1). Table 1 Fluoroquinolone susceptibility, QRDR mutations, and PMQRs in Serratia marcescens GN0780 Quinolones were introduced into clinical practice in the late 1960s. Although quinolone resistance was described soon after their introduction, the transmission mechanism of quinolone resistance was confirmed only in 1998. To date, five different PMQR mechanisms have been described in the literature, including target protection (Qnr), quinolone modification (AAC(6')-Ib-cr), plasmid-encoded efflux systems (e.g., QepA or OqxAB), effect on bacterial growth rates, and natural transformation. Although PMQRs usually result in only a slight increase in the MICs of quinolones, they show an additive effect and may thus facilitate the acquisition of full quinolone resistance [6]. Several clinical bacterial isolates that have been reported to express phenotypic resistance do not exhibit corresponding genotypic mutations. This phenomenon has recently been studied in a clinical isolate of Escherichia coli HUE1 from Japan [7]. The authors suggested that the fluoroquinolone resistance in this HUE1 isolate, which does not have mutations in the QRDR, is caused by the coexistence of oqxAB and qnrS. OqxAB and QnrS increase the MIC of CIP by approximately 32-fold and 64-fold, respectively. However, other mechanisms may also be associated with fluoroquinolone resistance in HUE1. Chopra and Galande [8] isolated an Acinetobacter baumannii mutant, designated as strain AB-7, which exhibited a CIP MIC of 16 mg/L. However, no mutation was detected in QRDRs, and no PMQR genes were present in AB-7. Our findings are consistent with the case of AB-7; S. marcescens GN0780 showed no mutation in QRDRs, and no PMQR gene was detected. We speculate that other mechanisms may be associated with fluoroquinolone resistance in GN0780; therefore, further investigations are needed. Our findings suggest an exception to the well-accepted mechanism of resistance to fluoroquinolones. These results also underscore the need of achieving deeper understanding of the mechanisms of action and evolution of resistance to conventional antibiotics. In conclusion, we present the first report of fluoroquinolone resistance in S. marcescens lacking PMQR genes and mutations in QRDRs.