Abstract
The development of the explicit recognition of facial expressions of emotions can be affected by childhood maltreatment experiences. A previous study demonstrated the existence of an explicit recognition bias for angry facial expressions among a population of adolescent Sierra Leonean street-boys exposed to high levels of maltreatment. In the present study, the recognition bias for angry facial expressions was investigated in a younger population of street-children and age-matched controls. Participants performed a forced-choice facial expressions recognition task. Recognition bias was measured as participants’ tendency to over-attribute anger label to other negative facial expressions. Participants’ heart rate was assessed and related to their behavioral performance, as index of their stress-related physiological responses. Results demonstrated the presence of a recognition bias for angry facial expressions among street-children, also pinpointing a similar, although significantly less pronounced, tendency among controls. Participants’ performance was controlled for age, cognitive and educational levels and for naming skills. None of these variables influenced the recognition bias for angry facial expressions. Differently, a significant effect of heart rate on participants’ tendency to use anger label was evidenced. Taken together, these results suggest that childhood exposure to maltreatment experiences amplifies children’s “pre-existing bias” for anger labeling in forced-choice emotion recognition task. Moreover, they strengthen the thesis according to which the recognition bias for angry facial expressions is a manifestation of a functional adaptive mechanism that tunes victim’s perceptive and attentive focus on salient environmental social stimuli.
Highlights
Infancy and childhood are periods characterized by significant advances in social and emotional development [1]
Several studies demonstrated that the normal development of the explicit recognition of emotions can be influenced by childhood maltreatment experiences defined as “any act of omission or commission that results in harm or the potential for harm, regardless of intent” [8]
Interesting for the present study is the response bias showed by maltreated children in favor of angry facial expression thanks to which this facial expression is recognized basing on less sensory inputs [10] and fewer expressive cues [11] than other negative facial expressions of emotions
Summary
Infancy and childhood are periods characterized by significant advances in social and emotional development [1]. Interesting for the present study is the response bias showed by maltreated children in favor of angry facial expression thanks to which this facial expression is recognized basing on less sensory inputs [10] and fewer expressive cues [11] than other negative facial expressions of emotions. This phenomenon has been interpreted as a specific form of experiential learning by which victims adapt their pre-existing perceptual and attentive mechanisms to process environmental aspects which become especially salient [12,13]
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