Abstract
Biofilm bacteria are more resistant to antibiotics than planktonic cells. Propolis possesses antimicrobial activity. Generally, nanoparticles containing heavy metals possess antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties. In this study, the ability of adherence of Methicillin Resistant Strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to catheters treated with magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs), produced by three methods and functionalized with oleic acid and a hydro-alcoholic extract of propolis from Morocco, was evaluated. The chemical composition of propolis was established by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the fabricated nanostructures characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Mossbauer spectroscopy and Fourrier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The capacity for impairing biofilm formation was dependent on the strain, as well as on the mode of production of MNPs. The co-precipitation method of MNPs fabrication using Fe3+ and Na2SO3 solution and functionalized with oleic acid and propolis was the most effective in the impairment of adherence of all MRSA strains to catheters (p < 0.001). The adherence of the strain MRSA16 was also significantly lower (p < 0.001) when the catheters were treated with the hybrid MNPs with oleic acid produced by a hydrothermal method. The anti-MRSA observed can be attributed to the presence of benzyl caffeate, pinocembrin, galangin, and isocupressic acid in propolis extract, along with MNPs. However, for MRSA16, the impairment of its adherence on catheters may only be attributed to the hybrid MNPs with oleic acid, since very small amount, if any at all of propolis compounds were added to the MNPs.
Highlights
Propolis is a natural resinous substance collected by honeybees from parts of plants, buds, and exudates, mixed with bees wax and salivary enzymes
The main goal of the present work was to evaluate the ability of a hybrid nanosystem constituted by magnetite nanoparticles, produced by three methods based on two methods and functionalized with oleic acid and a hydro-alcoholic extract of propolis from Morocco to prevent the adherence of methicillin resistant strains (MRSA) strains on catheters, and impair the formation of biofilm
Fe3+ and Na2 SO3 solution and functionalized with oleic acid and propolis extract was most effective in the prevention of adherence of almost all MRSA strains on catheters
Summary
Propolis is a natural resinous substance collected by honeybees from parts of plants, buds, and exudates, mixed with bees wax and salivary enzymes. Propolis is mainly constituted by resin (50%), wax (30%), essential oils (10%), pollen (5%), and other substances (5%), such as debris, minerals and organic compounds, despite the chemical variability that can be found. Such differences can be attributed to the different plants from where bees can collect the materials, as well as the different harvesting seasons of propolis. Staphylococcus aureus has developed resistance to several antibiotics and, presently, methicillin resistant strains (MRSA) are causing serious infections in hospitals or even in the community [8,9] For these reasons, alternative approaches are required to fight this bacterial pathogen, and one of them is the use of natural products. The utilization of propolis extracts has already been assayed as anti-MRSA agents, as is shown in Table 1, which compiles the results of several authors who observed anti-MRSA activity in propolis of diverse origins
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