Abstract
BackgroundAnesthesia is indispensable for in vivo research but has the intrinsic potential to alter study results. The aim of the current study was to investigate the impact of three common anesthesia protocols on physiological parameters and outcome following the most common experimental model for subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), endovascular perforation.MethodsSprague-Dawley rats (n = 38) were randomly assigned to (1) chloral hydrate, (2) isoflurane or (3) midazolam/medetomidine/fentanyl (MMF) anesthesia. Arterial blood gases, intracranial pressure (ICP), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) were monitored before and for 3 hours after SAH. Brain water content, mortality and rate of secondary bleeding were also evaluated.ResultsUnder baseline conditions isoflurane anesthesia resulted in deterioration of respiratory parameters (arterial pCO2 and pO2) and increased brain water content. After SAH, isoflurane and chloral hydrate were associated with reduced MAP, incomplete recovery of post-hemorrhagic rCBF (23 ± 13% and 87 ± 18% of baseline, respectively) and a high anesthesia-related mortality (17 and 50%, respectively). Anesthesia with MMF provided stable hemodynamics (MAP between 100-110 mmHg), high post-hemorrhagic rCBF values, and a high rate of re-bleedings (> 50%), a phenomenon often observed after SAH in humans.ConclusionBased on these findings we recommend anesthesia with MMF for the endovascular perforation model of SAH.
Highlights
Anesthesia is indispensable for in vivo research but has the intrinsic potential to alter study results
The ultimate aim of the study was to determine how anesthesia influences the outcome of experimental SAH and, if significant differences are found between different anesthesia protocols, which protocol has the least influence on the pathophysiology induced by the endovascular perforation model, the most frequently used and the presumably most clinically relevant model of subarachnoid hemorrhage
Anesthesia Anesthesia protocols were chosen based on the frequency of their use with the endovascular perforation model of SAH, on their availability, on their known small influence of cerebral blood flow, on the ease of their termination, and on their level of standardization in experimental and veterinary medicine
Summary
Anesthesia is indispensable for in vivo research but has the intrinsic potential to alter study results. The aim of the current study was to investigate the impact of three common anesthesia protocols on physiological parameters and outcome following the most common experimental model for subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), endovascular perforation. We investigated the effect of three well established and frequently used standard anesthesia protocols, namely chloral hydrate, isoflurane, and MMF on animal physiology, mortality and brain water content before and after experimental SAH in rats. The ultimate aim of the study was to determine how anesthesia influences the outcome of experimental SAH and, if significant differences are found between different anesthesia protocols, which protocol has the least influence on the pathophysiology induced by the endovascular perforation model, the most frequently used and the presumably most clinically relevant model of subarachnoid hemorrhage
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