Abstract
At early stages of establishment of tropical plantation crops, inclusion of legume cover crops could reduce soil degradation due to erosion and nutrient leaching. As understory plants these cover crops receive limited irradiance and can be subjected to elevated CO2 at ground level. A glasshouse experiment was undertaken to assess the effects of ambient (450 µmol mol−1) and elevated (700 µmol mol−1) levels of [CO2] on growth, physiological changes and nutrient uptake of six perennial legume cover crops (Perennial Peanut, Ea-Ea, Mucuna, Pigeon pea, Lab lab, Cowpea) under low levels of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD; 100, 200, and 400 µmol m−2 s−1). Overall, total and root dry biomass, total root length, specific leaf area, and relative growth rates were significantly influenced by levels of [CO2] and PPFD and cover crop species. With few exceptions, all the cover crops showed significant effects of [CO2], PPFD, and species on net photosynthesis (PN) and its components, such as stomatal conductance (gs) internal CO2 conc. (Ci), and transpiration (E). Increasing [CO2], from 450 to 700 μmol mol−1 and increasing PPFD from 100 to 400 μmol ּm−2 ּs−1 increased PN. Overall, the levels of [CO2], PPFD and species significantly affected total water use efficiency (WUETOTAL), instantaneous water use efficiency (WUEINST) and intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEINTR). With some exceptions, increasing levels of [CO2] and PPFD increased all the WUE parameters. Interspecific differences were observed with respect to macro-micro nutrient uptake and use efficiency. With a few exceptions, increasing levels of [CO2] from 450 to 700 μmol mol−1 and PPFD from 100 to 400 μmol m−2 s−1 increased nutrient use efficiency (NUE) of all nutrients by cover crop species.
Highlights
In the tropics, plantation crops such as coffee, cacao, tea and banana are often established with wide row spacing on recently cleared, sloping land
The objective of this research was to assess the impact of ambient (400 μmol mol−1) and elevated (700 μmol mol−1) levels of [CO2] on growth, physiological and nutrient uptake of six tropical perennial legume cover crops grown at several low levels of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) (100, 250 and 450 ± 50 μmol m−2 s−1)
Irrespective of levels of [CO2] and PPFD, Mucuna recorded the longest root lengths and Ea-Ea recorded the shortest root length. Such a long root system might help the plant to absorb more water and nutrients by exploring a larger soil volume, and these cover crops could be suitable for infertile soils of tropical plantation crops
Summary
Plantation crops such as coffee, cacao, tea and banana are often established with wide row spacing on recently cleared, sloping land. Adequate light at the canopy level is a problem for growth and development of cover crops. Low PPFD at the crop’s canopy level reduces growth, development and nutrient use efficiency of cover crops [14,15,16,17]. The ability of understory cover crops to survive in plantation crops depends largely on the intensity and quality of light reaching their canopies [4,8]. Very limited published evidence exists in areas of tropical perennial legume cover crops response to low to adequate light intensities [14,15,16]. The ability of many tropical legume cover crop species to grow at low light intensity is unknown
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