Abstract
Abstract
Highlights
The rising social awareness of the environmental footprint of commercial aviation is continuously driving research towards more energy-efficient high-subsonic transport aircraft
The results indicate that the geometrical limits of surface irregularities compatible with laminar flow could be determined through a critical Reynolds number (Rek) based on the step height or gap width
The results revealed that at fixed ambient conditions and initial amplitude of the CF vortices, a given forward-facing step (FFS) height would result in a subcritical behaviour when forcing an early growth crossflow instability (CFI) mode and a supercritical one when forcing a late growth CFI mode
Summary
The rising social awareness of the environmental footprint of commercial aviation is continuously driving research towards more energy-efficient high-subsonic transport aircraft. Crouch, Kosorygin & Ng (2006) experimentally determined N-factor models based on the change in the laminar–turbulent boundary layer transition location induced by steps on the surface of an unswept flat plate model under favourable and adverse pressure gradients. Recent experimental investigations conducted by Rius-Vidales & Kotsonis (2020) indicate that local one-parameter correlations based on the estimated CF vortex core height or relative step height (h/δ∗) might not be sufficient to universally capture the influence of an FFS on the laminar–turbulent transition in cases dominated by CFI.
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