Immunomodulatory Potential of Tinospora cordifolia and CpG ODN (TLR21 Agonist) against the Very Virulent, Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in SPF Chicks.

Malik Malik,Sachan Sachan,Dhama Dhama,Latheef Latheef,Munuswamy Munuswamy,Mariappan Mariappan,Samad Samad,Singh Singh

doi:10.3390/vaccines7030106

Malik Malik, Sachan Sachan + Show 6 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines7030106

Copy DOI

Journal: Vaccines	Publication Date: Sep 4, 2019
Citations: 30	License type: CC BY 4.0

Affiliation: Indian Veterinary Research Institute

Abstract

Infectious bursal disease (IBD), caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), is characterized by severe immunosuppression in young chicks of 3 to 6 week age group. Although vaccines are available to prevent IBD, outbreaks of disease are still noticed in the field among vaccinated flocks. Further, the birds surviving IBD become susceptible to secondary infections caused by various viral and bacterial agents. This study assessed the immunoprophylactic potential of Cytosine-guanosinedeoxynucleotide (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) and Tinospora cordifolia stem aqueous extract in the specific pathogen free (SPF) chicks, experimentally infected with very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV). Both of these agents (CpG ODN and herbal extract) showed significant increase in the IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-1 levels in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) (p < 0.05) of chickens in the treatment groups following IBD infection. Further we found significant reduction in mortality rate in vvIBDV infected chicks treated with either, or in combination, compared with the birds of control group. Additionally, the adjuvant or immune enhancing potential of these two immunomodulatory agents with the commercially available IBDV vaccine was determined in chicks. The augmentation of vaccine response in terms of an enhanced antibody titer after vaccination, along with either or a combination of the two agents was noticed. The findings provide a way forward to counter the menace of IBDV in the poultry sector through use of these herbal or synthetic immunomodulatory supplements.

Highlights

Infectious bursal disease (IBD), caused by IBD virus (IBDV), is an acute, highly contagious, and immunosuppressive disease affecting chicks of 3 to 6 weeks age worldwide
10 mL/day/bird from one day old to 4 weeks of age) group showed significant increases (p < 0.05) in IL-2 (5.657 ± 0.1663), IFN-γ (15.15 ± 0.2288), IL-4 (8.458 ± 0.277), and IL-1β (13.09 ± 0.2681) expressions in chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) compared to the control group (Table 2, Figure 1A–D)
Though a significant increase in the immune response gene expression is observed, there were still no clinical symptoms of illness observed in treated chicks, thereby suggesting that T. cordifolia extract usage is apparently safer in chicks without any autoimmunity or immunopathological changes

Summary

Introduction

Infectious bursal disease (IBD), caused by IBD virus (IBDV), is an acute, highly contagious, and immunosuppressive disease affecting chicks of 3 to 6 weeks age worldwide. IBDV is a non-enveloped, double stranded RNA virus belonging to the genus Avibirnavirus of the family Birnaviridae [1]. This virus primarily inflicts cytolysis of dividing cells in primary lymphoid organ, bursa of Fabricius (BF) in chicks, leading to Vaccines 2019, 7, 106; doi:10.3390/vaccines7030106 www.mdpi.com/journal/vaccines. Vaccines 2019, 7, 106 severe immunosuppression [2], and fatal complications, such as high mortality, poor weight gain, and condemnation of the carcasses because of hemorrhages in the skeletal muscles of IBD affected chickens [3].

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion