Abstract
SUMMARYResearch backgroundTiger milk mushroom (Lignosus rhinocerus) is a medicinal mushroom that is geographically distributed in the region of South China, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines and Papua New Guinea. Consumption of its sclerotium has been reported to treat various ailments. However, its anticancer potential towards oral cancer cell lines is yet to be determined considering the traditional method of its consumption by biting/chewing of the sclerotium.Experimental approachMushroom sclerotial powder of cultivar TM02® was extracted and fractionated in a chromatographic column prior to cytotoxicity testing against a panel of human oral cancer cell lines. The capability of the identified bioactive fraction in regulating several molecules associated with its tumour necrosis factor (TNF) pathway was investigated.Results and conclusions2,5-Diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) proliferation assay indicated that cell lines ORL-48 (derived from gingiva), ORL-188 (derived from the tongue) and ORL-204 (derived from buccal mucosa) were inhibited by cold water extract of L. rhinocerus sclerotia and its high-molecular-mass fraction (HMM) in varying degrees with ORL-204 being most affected. Hence, the treatment of ORL-204 with HMM mushroom extract was further investigated. HMM mushroom extract induced apoptosis and G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest through caspase-3/7 cleavage. Activities of MIP2 and COX-2 were downregulated by 0.2- and 4.6-fold respectively in the HMM mushroom extract-treated ORL-204 cells.Novelty and scientific contributionUsing ORL-204, we showed that HMM mushroom extract may act via the TNF pathway at various network sites as a potential dietary compound for cancer prevention and natural adjunct therapeutic to conventional cancer treatment.
Highlights
Lignosus rhinocerus or tiger milk mushroom has well-recorded medicinal values [1]
MTT proliferation assay indicated that ORL-48, ORL-188, and ORL-204 were inhibited by L. rhinocerus sclerotial cold water extract and its high-molecular-mass fraction (HMM) in varying degree with ORL-204 being most affected
Activities of MIP2 and COX-2 were downregulated by 0.2- and 4.6-fold respectively in the HMM-treated ORL-204 cells
Summary
Lignosus rhinocerus or tiger milk mushroom ( known locally as ‘cendawan susu harimau’) has well-recorded medicinal values [1]. Its sclerotium is traditionally used as a health tonic or treatment regime for asthma, bronchitis, various cancer ailments as well as discomforts caused by fright, fever, cough, vomiting, and injury [2,3]. It is being consumed in the form of decoction, in a betel quid, and other preparation method where the sclerotium is pounded with raw rice, infused, and subsequently taken as a drink [4,5]. Lee et al [13] demonstrated the anticancer properties of a sclerotial cold water extract from TM02® cultivar; a protein- and carbohydrate-rich extract, against breast cancer MCF7 and lung cancer A549 cell lines. We investigated the anticancer activity of TM02® sclerotial extracts on a panel of human oral cancer cell lines and its possible mode of action
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