Abstract
Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is the most serious life-threatening infectious complication of intensive remission induction chemotherapy and allogeneic stem cell transplantation in patients with a variety of hematological malignancies. Aspergillus fumigatus is the most commonly isolated species from cases of IA. Despite the various improvements that have been made with preventative strategies and the development of antifungal drugs, there is an urgent need for new therapeutic approaches that focus on strategies to boost the host’s immune response, since immunological recovery is recognized as being the major determinant of the outcome of IA. Here, we aim to summarize current knowledge about a broad variety of immunotherapeutic approaches against IA, including therapies based on the transfer of distinct immune cell populations, and the administration of cytokines and antibodies.
Highlights
Within the last decade, the filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) has underlined its role as one of the most clinically relevant fungal pathogens
Ex vivo Dendritic cells (DCs) stimulated with Aspergillus antigens induce protective immune responses to the fungus after transfusion to the patient due to activation of Aspergillus-specific T cells and secretion of cytokines and chemokines, which support the clearance of the fungus by both the innate and adaptive immune systems [23,24,25]
These results suggest that allogeneic Natural killer (NK) cell transfer might be beneficial for the prevention of invasive aspergillosis (IA)
Summary
The filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) has underlined its role as one of the most clinically relevant fungal pathogens Conidia of this saprobic fungus can be isolated ubiquitously. Natural killer (NK) cells degranulate and secrete cytotoxic proteins (perforin, granzymes) in response to A. fumigatus, fungal damage, and produce. Th1 cytokines and chemokines, again attracting secrete cytotoxiccausing proteins (perforin, granzymes) in response to A. fumigatus, causing fungal damage, andproduce activating other innateand immune cell populations [7,8,9]. Is the drug of choice for primary therapy of IA,to with isavuconazole and the liposomal formulation is of Therapy of Aspergillus infection remains limited only a handful of antifungal agents. Triazole-resistant likely due to the extensive use of azole in patients These emerge most antifungal likely due treatment [12]. Tumor factor (GM‐CSF); granulocyte CSF (G‐CSF); macrophage CSF (M‐CSF); interferon (IFN) γ; necrosis factor (TNF) α
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