Abstract
Cancer is a worldwide issue and one of the most relevant death causes in child and adults. There are several causes that can lead to cancer development. It is well known that inflammation is one known hallmark of cancer and it favors tumor cells growth. Several alterations in immunological and inflammatory processes are caused in response to tumor presence and both innate and adaptive immunity have effective mechanism to destroy tumor cells. Nevertheless, distinct tumor types developed mechanisms to evade anti-tumor immunological responses. Here, we revise researches regarding inflammation and immune response during cancer development, as well as cancer signaling pathways and immunotherapy that have been performed in Brazil. The better understanding of the mechanisms regarding cancer and immunological processes is of huge importance and it may support the development of new cancer targets.
Highlights
Cancer is considered a worldwide health issue
The major cell types involved in innate immune response includes Natural Killer (NK) cells and macrophages
Activation of NF-κB by canonical pathway plays important role in prostate cancer, as it is often constitutively activated due to increased levels of specific receptors like TNF receptors, leading to activation of genes involved in the development and progression of the tumor
Summary
Cancer is considered a worldwide health issue. Brazil has a total population of 199,000,000 and WHO estimates a death rate by malignant neoplasm of 125 per 100,000 for men and 101 per 100,000 for women. The Instituto Nacional do Câncer (INCA, 2014) estimates a rate of 576,000 new cases of cancer in Brazil for 2014, available for 2015. For male population, prostate cancer is the main neoplasm (70.42 new cases per 100,000 men), followed by lung cancer (16.79 new cases per 100,000 men) and colon cancer (15.44 new cases per 100,000 men). Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy (56.09 new cases per 100,000 women), followed by colon cancer (17.24 new cases per 100,000 women) and cervical cancer (15.33 new cases per 100,000 women). Despite the large significance of health issues, the Brazilian general government expenditure on health as a percentage of total expenditure on health is of 45.7, while the general government expenditure on health as a percentage of total government expenditure is of 8.7 for the year 2011 (WHO, 2014)
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