Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the effects of immunoglobulins on bacterial infections are thought to involve bacterial cell lysis via complement activation, phagocytosis via bacterial opsonization, toxin neutralization, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Nevertheless, recent advances in the study of the pathogenicity of Gram-negative bacteria have raised the possibility of an association between immunoglobulin and bacterial toxin secretion. Over time, new toxin secretion systems like the type III secretion system have been discovered in many pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. With this system, the bacterial toxins are directly injected into the cytoplasm of the target cell through a special secretory apparatus without any exposure to the extracellular environment, and therefore with no opportunity for antibodies to neutralize the toxin. However, antibodies against the V-antigen, which is located on the needle-shaped tip of the bacterial secretion apparatus, can inhibit toxin translocation, thus raising the hope that the toxin may be susceptible to antibody targeting. Because multi-drug resistant bacteria are now prevalent, inhibiting this secretion mechanism is an attractive alternative or adjunctive therapy against lethal bacterial infections. Thus, it is not unreasonable to define the blocking effect of anti-V-antigen antibodies as the fifth mechanism for immunoglobulin action against bacterial infections.
Highlights
In immunology textbooks, the mechanism involved in the effect of immunoglobulins against infectious diseases is described as having four main features: (1) Complement-associated immunolysis,(2) opsonization, (3) toxin/virus neutralization, and (4) antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) (Figure 1) [1,2]
intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) products various IVIG products and product lots has affected the negative results. These situations imply that the selection of target patients and the identification of target antigens for IVIG treatment are more critical for determining whether IVIG therapy can be effective against bacterial infections
Product lots has affected the negative results
Summary
The mechanism involved in the effect of immunoglobulins against infectious diseases is described as having four main features: (1) Complement-associated immunolysis,. (2) opsonization (immunophagocytosis), (3) toxin/virus neutralization, and (4) antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) (Figure 1) [1,2]. These four mechanisms of action were briefly summarized as follows:. The phagocytosed bacteria are effectively sterilized and digested by cooperation lysosomal enzymes. Toxin neutralizing action: An antibody responds by binding to a toxin produced by a bacterium. Toxin neutralizingits action: An antibody responds by binding to the a toxin produced by a bacterium and neutralizing activity. In the case of a viral infection, antibody can bind to a virus and neutralizing its activity. Doing so, destroys the of infected cell, which is the site of virus propagation, and prevents and In prevents theittransmission pathogenic viruses.
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