Abstract
Artificial nanopores can be loosely defined as materials possessing one or more nanometersize pores (1-100 nm in diameter). This recent class of nanostructures is generating great interest in the scientific community as a platform for biomolecular analysis. The first fabrication of an artificial nanopore with true nanometer control dates to 2001 (Li et al., 2001) but the application of nanopores for biological studies started 10 years earlier. Following a rapid review of the highlights of 20 years of nanopore science, we explore the advancement of nanofabrication techniques that allowed the creation of individual nanopores, nanopore arrays, and nanoporous materials. Although most of the methods currently used to fabricate nanopores require expensive equipment and highly-skilled technicians, we focus here upon those technologies that allow the fabrication of nanopores at the bench and discuss signal transduction mechanisms that allow nanopores to be used as biosensors. In particular, we review the creative application of nanopipettes, artificial nanopores that can be easily fabricated from inexpensive glass capillaries, as a biosensing platform and discuss their potential for immunosensing.
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