Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a key pathogen of chronic infections in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients and in patients suffering from chronic wounds of diverse etiology. In these infections the bacteria congregate in biofilms and cannot be eradicated by standard antibiotic treatment or host immune responses. The persistent biofilms induce a hyper inflammatory state that results in collateral damage of the adjacent host tissue. The host fails to eradicate the biofilm infection, resulting in hindered remodeling and healing. In the present review we describe our current understanding of innate and adaptive immune responses elicited by P. aeruginosa biofilms in cystic fibrosis lung infections and chronic wounds. This includes the mechanisms that are involved in the activation of the immune responses, as well as the effector functions, the antimicrobial components and the associated tissue destruction. The mechanisms by which the biofilms evade immune responses, and potential treatment targets of the immune response are also discussed.
Highlights
Biofilms consist of microbes located in densely packed slow growing microcolonies embedded in a self-produced protective biopolymer matrix
Considerably less is known about the immune response to bacteria growing in biofilm-based infections
Planktonic bacteria are recognized by the innate immune systems pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) through interaction with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as the flagellum and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) recognized via Toll-like receptor 5 and 4, respectively [7]
Summary
Claus Moser 1†, Peter Østrup Jensen 1,2†, Kim Thomsen 1, Mette Kolpen 1, Morten Rybtke 2, Anne Sofie Lauland 1, Hannah Trøstrup 3 and Tim Tolker-Nielsen 2*. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a key pathogen of chronic infections in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients and in patients suffering from chronic wounds of diverse etiology In these infections the bacteria congregate in biofilms and cannot be eradicated by standard antibiotic treatment or host immune responses. In the present review we describe our current understanding of innate and adaptive immune responses elicited by P. aeruginosa biofilms in cystic fibrosis lung infections and chronic wounds. This includes the mechanisms that are involved in the activation of the immune responses, as well as the effector functions, the antimicrobial components and the associated tissue destruction.
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