Immobilization of Enzymes in Polymeric Materials Based on Polyamide: A Review

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The immobilization of enzymes in polyamide-based polymeric materials through covalent bonding is an established technique to stabilize and reuse biocatalysts in industrial processes. Traditionally, enzymes are immobilized using crosslinking agents that activate functional groups on both the support and the enzyme, creating strong bonds that securely anchor the enzyme to the surface. While effective for maintaining enzyme activity over multiple cycles, this method can reduce catalytic efficiency due to rigid binding and involves complex activation steps. Recently, in situ immobilization approaches have emerged as promising alternatives. In this method, enzymes are directly entrapped within the polymer matrix during the synthesis of the polyamide support, such as nylon, simplifying the process and offering enhanced control over enzyme distribution. For instance, studies have demonstrated that in situ immobilization can improve enzyme stability by protecting it within the polymeric network, while reducing production costs and waste. This review explores the ability of polyamide as a support material for immobilization of enzymes, analyzing key techniques, performance across applications, and future strategies to optimize polymer-enzyme interactions for industrial use.