Abstract
A reaction-based two-photon (TP) ratiometric fluorescence probe Z2 has been developed and successfully applied to detect and image fluoride ion in living cells and tissues. The Z2 probe was designed designed to utilize an ICT mechanism between n-butylnaphthalimide as a fluorophore and tert-butyldiphenylsilane (TBDPS) as a response group. Upon addition of fluoride ion, the Si-O bond in the Z2 would be cleaved, and then a stronger electron-donating group was released. The fluorescent changes at 450 and 540 nm, respectively, made it possible to achieve ratiometric fluorescence detection. The results indicated that the Z2 could ratiometrically detect and image fluoride ion in living cells and tissues in a depth of 250 μm by two-photon microscopy (TPM).
Highlights
IntroductionFluoride anion as an essential element of human body plays significant roles in chemical and biological processes [1,2,3], which is widely added to toothpastes, pharmaceutical agents and drinking
Fluoride anion as an essential element of human body plays significant roles in chemical and biological processes [1,2,3], which is widely added to toothpastes, pharmaceutical agents and drinkingSensors 2015, 15 water due to the beneficial effects for preventing dental caries [4], enamel demineralization while wearing orthodontic appliances and treatment of osteoporosis [5,6]
Fluorescent probes for imaging fluoride anion in biological matrices have been developed [39,40]. Considering these facts, we developed a reaction-based two-photon ratiometric fluorescence Z2 to detect and image fluoride ion in this study
Summary
Fluoride anion as an essential element of human body plays significant roles in chemical and biological processes [1,2,3], which is widely added to toothpastes, pharmaceutical agents and drinking. Very few TP fluorescent probes for imaging fluoride anion in biological matrices have been developed [39,40]. Considering these facts, we developed a reaction-based two-photon ratiometric fluorescence Z2 to detect and image fluoride ion in this study. Upon addition of fluoride ion, The Si-O bond of the Z2 probe would be cleaved to release a stronger electron-donating group, which could greatly stabilize the charge-transfer excited state of naphthalimide fluorophore to reveal a larger Stokes shift, thereby, achieving ratiometric fluorescence detection. The results showed that the Z2 could ratiometrically detect and image fluoride ion in living cells and tissues in a depth of 250 μm by two-photon microscopy (TPM)
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