Imaging of complex density in silver nanocubes by coherent x-ray diffraction

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When using coherent x-rays to perform lensless imaging, it is the complex wave field exiting the sample or, in the case of the Bragg geometry, the deformed electron density distribution of a crystal, that is being sought. For most samples, to some extent, the image will be complex, containing both an amplitude and phase variation across the sample. We have developed versions of the hybrid input–output (HIO) and error reduction (ER) algorithms that are very robust for the inversion to complex objects from three-dimensional (3D) coherent x-ray diffraction (CXD) data measured around a Bragg spot of a small crystal. The development and behavior of these algorithms will be discussed in the context of inverting a 3D CXD pattern measured around a (111) Bragg spot of a silver nanocube.