Identity and virulence properties of Aeromonas isolates from diseased fish, healthy controls and water environment in China

Abstract

To investigate the species distribution in Aeromonas isolates from diseased fish, healthy controls and water environment in China; to evaluate the frequency of the aerolysin (aer), cytotonic enterotoxin (alt), cytotoxic enterotoxin (act), temperature-sensitive protease (eprCAI) and serine protease (ahp) genes in Aeromonas isolates; and to determine the potential pathogenicity of these isolates. Two hundred and two Aeromonas isolates from diseased fish (n = 42), healthy fish (n = 120) and water environment (n = 40) in China were identified to species levels based on sequencing of the housekeeping gene gyrB, while the distribution of five virulence factors, including aer, alt, act, eprCAI and ahp, was investigated by PCR. Aeromonas veronii (25/42; 60%) and Aeromonas hydrophila (14/42; 33%) were the species most commonly isolated from diseased fish, while Aer. veronii was the most common species in healthy fish (90/120; 75%) and water samples (25/40; 62·5%). All the five virulence genes were present in 9% (19/202), among which 10 strains were from diseased fish and nine were identified as Aer. hydrophila. For the strains carrying five virulence genes, the average 50% lethal doses (LD(50s) ) of strains from diseased fish were lower when compared with the strains from healthy fish and water environment. Aeromonas veronii is the most common species, but no significant difference exists in the isolates obtained from diseased fish and from healthy fish. However, Aer. hydrophila isolates were significantly more frequent from diseased fish than from healthy fish. aer+alt+act+eprCAI+ ahp+ was more frequent virulence genotype in Aeromonas isolates from diseased fish than from healthy fish and water environment, and the aer+alt+act+eprCAI+ahp+ isolates were more virulent to zebrafish comparing to the other genetic profiles. Aeromonas species in aquatic environments are various and have considerable virulence potential, and therefore, there is a need for more careful and intensive epidemiology studies.