Abstract
Urban energy and water consumption varies substantially across spatial and temporal scales, which can be attributed to changes of socio-economic variables, especially for a city undergoing urban transformation. Understanding these variations in variables related to resource consumptions would be beneficial to regional resource utilization planning and policy implementation. A geographically weighted regression method with modified procedures was used to explore and visualize the relationships between socio-economic factors and spatial non-stationarity of urban resource consumption to enhance the reliability of predicted results, taking Taichung city with 29 districts as an example. The results indicate that there is a strong positive correlation between socio-economic context and domestic resource consumption, but that there are relatively weak correlations for industrial and agricultural resource consumption. In 2015, domestic water and energy consumption was driven by the number of enterprises followed by population and average income level (depending on the target districts and sectors). Domestic resource consumption is projected to increase by approximately 84% between 2015 and 2050. Again, the number of enterprises outperforms other factors to be the dominant variable responsible for the increase in resource consumption. Spatial regression analysis of non-stationarity resource consumption and its associated variables offers useful information that is helpful for targeting hotspots of dominant resource consumers and intervention measures.
Highlights
In Taichung City, water and energy consumption datasets are available at village-level, and most of the socio-economic variables are only available at township-level
For a city that undergoes major urban transformation, identification of the temp spatial changes of the socio-economic variables becomes crucial in estimating res or/and adaptive consumption strategies as the regions evolve overtime
For a city that undergoes major urban transformation, identification of the temporalspatial changes of the socio-economic variables becomes crucial in estimating resource consumption
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. By 2050, worldwide energy and water consumption is forecasted to increase by 80%. The stress on resource consumption comes from increasing demand, which is driven by the growing population as well as by shifts in anthropogenic processes [2,3,4,5,6]. Urbanization is considered one of the most vital anthropogenic alterations [7], and urban patterns are often used to dictate the concentration and distribution of such alteration. Urban patterns can be defined by a city’s area, aggregation, spatial metrics [8], and coupling with anthropogenic activities, which, in turn, influence regional resource consumption through a complex mechanism [9,10,11]
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