Identification of tumor microenvironment-related prognostic genes in colorectal cancer based on bioinformatic methods

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks fourth among the deadliest cancers globally, and the progression is highly affected by the tumor microenvironment (TME). This study explores the relationship between TME and colorectal cancer prognosis and identifies prognostic genes related to the CRC microenvironment. We collected the gene expression data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and calculated the scores of stromal/immune cells and their relations to clinical outcomes in colorectal cancer by the ESTIMATE algorithm. Lower immune scores were significantly related to the malignant progression of CRC (metastasis, p = 0.001). We screened 292 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by dividing CRC cases into high and low stromal/immune score groups. Functional enrichment analyses and protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks illustrated that these DEGs were closely involved in immune response, cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, and chemokine signaling pathway. Six DEGs (FABP4, MEOX2, MMP12, ERMN, TNFAIP6, and CHST11) with prognostic value were identified by survival analysis and validated in two independent cohorts (GSE17538 and GSE161158). The six DEGs were significantly related to immune cell infiltration levels based on the Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER). The results might contribute to discovering new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and new treatment targets for colorectal cancer.