Abstract
Foot-and-mouth (FMD) is endemic in Cambodia with numerous outbreaks in cattle, pigs and other susceptible animal species reported every year. Historically, these outbreaks were caused by the FMD virus (FMDV) of serotype O PanAsia and Mya-98 lineages and serotype A Sea-97 lineage. However, the trans-pool movement of FMDV between inter-pool regions or countries throughout FMD endemic regions has raised concerns regarding infection with the new genotype or serotype of FMDV in Cambodia. In this study, 19 sequences of VP1 coding region obtained from 33 clinical samples collected from FMDV-affected cattle farms in Cambodia during January to March 2019 were genetically characterized to identify the genotypes/lineages of FMDV.Phylogenetic analysis of VP1 coding sequences revealed that recent field viruses belonged to O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e (15.8%), O/ME-SA/PanAsia (52.7%), and A/ASIA/Sea-97 (31.5%). Besides, the field viruses of O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e in Cambodia showed 93.5–96.8% identity with the VP1 coding sequences of the same sublineage viruses from pool 1 and 2 surrounding Cambodia. This is the first report of O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e infection in Cambodia, suggesting that the trans-pool movement of the new genotype should be closely monitored for efficient control of FMD.
Highlights
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious vesicular disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals and is caused by the FMD virus (FMDV)
Since FMD is endemic in Cambodia and there are reports of the incursion of new lineages of viruses into South East Asia, we aimed to identify genotype of the viruses causing the FMD outbreaks, while monitoring possible emergence of new lineages/ sublineages that would have epidemiological importance
FMDV spreads between pool regions or countries by wild animals and active transboundary movement of live livestock or livestock product, leading to emerging or re-emerging novel genotypes [16]
Summary
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious vesicular disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals and is caused by the FMD virus (FMDV). FMDV is divided into seven immunologically distinct serotypes [O, A, C, Asia 1, and Southern African Territories [1,2,3]], which are composed of various topotypes and lineages [1]. Endemic circulation of FMDVs by distinct viral strains has been reported to form seven regional pools that independently undergo evolution [2]. Among the serotypes in the recently reported FMD outbreaks, serotype O is the most prevalent, with two distinct topotypes (Southeast Asia and Middle East-South Asia) in the region; three lineages. First Detection of O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e in Cambodia (O/ME-SA/Ind-2001, O/ME-SA/PanAsia, and O/SEA/Mya-98) of Middle East-South Asia (ME-SA) and SEA topotypes are the major causatives of FMD [3]. Serotype A is prevalent in the region with a main lineage of A/ASIA/Sea97 [3]
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