Abstract
Malaria sporozoites must invade the salivary glands of mosquitoes for maturation before transmission to vertebrate hosts. The duration of the sporogonic cycle within the mosquitoes ranges from 10 to 21 days depending on the parasite species and temperature. During blood feeding salivary gland proteins are injected into the vertebrate host, along with malaria sporozoites in the case of an infected mosquito. To identify salivary gland proteins depleted after blood feeding of female Anopheles campestris-like, a potential malaria vector of Plasmodium vivax in Thailand, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and nano-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques were used. Results showed that 19 major proteins were significantly depleted in three to four day-old mosquitoes fed on a first blood meal. For the mosquitoes fed the second blood meal on day 14 after the first blood meal, 14 major proteins were significantly decreased in amount. The significantly depleted proteins in both groups included apyrase, 5′-nucleotidase/apyrase, D7, D7-related 1, short form D7r1, gSG6, anti-platelet protein, serine/threonine-protein kinase rio3, putative sil1, cyclophilin A, hypothetical protein Phum_PHUM512530, AGAP007618-PA, and two non-significant hit proteins. To our knowledge, this study presents for the first time the salivary gland proteins that are involved in the second blood feeding on the day corresponding to the transmission period of the sporozoites to new mammalian hosts. This information serves as a basis for future work concerning the possible role of these proteins in the parasite transmission and the physiological processes that occur during the blood feeding.
Highlights
Malaria remains one of the most important infectious diseases in the world, and despite some progress in control has re-emerged in tropical regions that have experienced rapid population growth [1,2]
The results revealed significant compositional differences in salivary gland proteins present after one blood meal compared with after two blood meals, this taking place 14 days later when the sporogonic cycle would have completed in an infected mosquito
This was supported by analysis of the % of each protein depleted, revealing a range of values from SN2, which showed the highest depletion at 79.71%, to SN14, which showed 13.18% depletion
Summary
Malaria remains one of the most important infectious diseases in the world, and despite some progress in control has re-emerged in tropical regions that have experienced rapid population growth [1,2]. Transmission of malaria parasites, various Plasmodium species, is typically via the bites of Anopheles mosquito vectors. When the mosquito takes a blood meal, these parasites are mixed with the saliva and injected with the bite, and the transmission of malaria is complete. The time required for development in the mosquito vector (the duration of the sporogonic cycle) ranges from 10 to 21 days, depending on the parasite species and the environmental temperature. During this period mosquitoes will usually take additional blood meals, perhaps every 2–3 days, before it becomes capable of transmitting malaria. If a female mosquito vector does not survive longer than the duration of the sporogonic cycle, it will not be able to transmit malaria parasites [3]
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