Identification of potential urease inhibitors and antioxidants based on saccharin derived analogs: Synthesis, in vitro, and in silico studies

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Saccharine-based molecules 1–30 were synthesized by reacting saccharine sodium with benzoyl/benzyl bromide derivatives in excellent yields. Compounds were structurally characterized and evaluated for urease inhibitory and antioxidant activities. All compounds have demonstrated inhibitory potential against the urease enzyme and have excellent antioxidant activity. Out of thirty molecules, eight compounds 1, 3–6, 14, 17, and 26 were identified as more active with IC50 values of 16.8 ± 0.8, 19.5 ± 0.8, 20.9 ± 0.7, 17.6 ± 0.1, 20.8 ± 0.7, 20.9 ± 0.5, 22.3 ± 0.2, and 22.0 ± 0.7 µM, respectively, than the standard inhibitor thiourea (IC50 = 22.4 ± 0.3 μM). Five compounds 2, 4–6, 14, and 18 are more active with IC50 values of 25.7 ± 0.5, 21.5 ± 0.8, 35.7 ± 0.2, 32.4 ± 0.5 and 19.0 ± 0.2 µM, respectively, than the standard inhibitor BHA (IC50 = 44.2 ± 0.5 μM). Docking studies showed all the synthetic compounds were well accommodated in the urease enzyme's active site, which correlated with the experimental results.