Abstract
Chinese tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) is a flatfish species unique to Northeast Asia, exhibiting the typical female-biased sexual size dimorphism (SSD). To explore the possible regulatory roles of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) on this phenomenon, whole transcriptomic analysis was performed by using female, male, and pseudomale C. semilaevis to identify differentially expressed (DE) long ncRNAs (DE lncRNAs), microRNA (DE miRNAs), and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the brain, gonad, liver, and muscle tissues. Most of them were concentrated in the gonad and muscle, and the gene expression patterns of pseudomale individuals were similar to male individuals. The association of DE lncRNAs and target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) was predicted based on antisense, cis-, and trans-regulatory mechanisms, with enriched protein digestion and absorption, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling pathway, sulfur metabolism, cell cycle, and splicesome (p < 0.05). Furthermore, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was employed to cluster the expression patterns of DE lncRNA, and two modules (greenyellow and blue) had the highest positive and negative correlations with growth traits, respectively. Importantly, the female-biased expression in the greenyellow module and the male- and pseudomale-biased expression in the blue module were observed in the gonad. The target gene analysis for DE miRNA revealed 3,034 mRNA-miRNA pairs with the opposite expression patterns. Finally, the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network, including 385 DE lncRNAs, 138 DE miRNAs, and 456 DEGs, was constructed. Among which, 78 DE lncRNAs, 12 DE miRNAs, and 13 DEGs involved in cell growth and death pathway were related to the SSD of C. semilaevis. This study described the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network in the SSD of C. semilaevis for the first time. The functional prediction analysis suggested that these DE lncRNAs and DE miRNAs might be involved in flatfish SSD by regulating several potential growth-related pathways (e.g., cell cycle, cAMP signaling, and Rap1 signaling). Further studies related to these ncRNAs will enlarge our understanding of the regulatory effects of ncRNAs on fish SSD.
Highlights
Sexual size dimorphism (SSD), characterized by significant differences in the body size of male and female individuals, is a widespread phenomenon that existed in mammals, reptiles, fishes, insects, and spiders (Parker, 1992; Chen et al, 2012; O’Mara et al, 2012; Mei and Gui, 2015; Belhaoues et al, 2020; Kuntner and Coddington, 2020; Tracy et al, 2020)
The expression results of lncRNAs, miRNAs, and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) of C. semilaevis were detected by a high−throughput sequencing technique
A total of 8,071 lncRNAs, including 1,673 known lncRNAs and 6,398 novel lncRNAs, and the specific lncRNA categories are shown in Supplementary Figure 1
Summary
Sexual size dimorphism (SSD), characterized by significant differences in the body size of male and female individuals, is a widespread phenomenon that existed in mammals, reptiles, fishes, insects, and spiders (Parker, 1992; Chen et al, 2012; O’Mara et al, 2012; Mei and Gui, 2015; Belhaoues et al, 2020; Kuntner and Coddington, 2020; Tracy et al, 2020). Each female individual can achieve a body size of up to four times that of a male individual (Chen et al, 2009; Wang et al, 2016). The growth hormone (gh) gene was identified as an important factor in the process of male and female growth (Qian et al, 2012), genes, such as forkhead box L2 (foxl2) (Dong et al, 2011) and folliculogenesis-specific basic helix-loop-helix (BHLH) transcription factor (figla) (Li et al, 2016) are related to sex differentiation of C. semilaevis
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