Identification of angiotensinogen genes with unique and variable angiotensin sequences in chondrichthyans

Abstract

The renin–angiotensin system is an enzyme-linked hormonal cascade that plays an important role in body fluid and cardiovascular regulation. The system is initiated by the action of renin on the precursor protein, angiotensinogen (AGT), whose sequence information is scarce because of its high variability among species. In the present study, we cloned AGT in chondrichthyans (elasmobranchs: Triakis scyllium, Dasyatis akajei, Leucoraja erinacea and a holocephalan: Callorhinchus milii). Homology was low among AGTs thus far identified; 25–28% between elasmobranchs and tetrapods and 33–61% even within chondrichthyans. All chondrichthyan angiotensin (ANG) II’s have a unique Pro 3 instead of Val 3 as seen in all other species. In addition, holocephalan ANG II has an unusual His 4 instead of Tyr 4. In addition, and the N-terminal amino acid, which is usually Asp 1 in tetrapods and Asn 1 in fishes, was highly variable (Asp, Asn or Tyr) in chondrichthyans. Molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that chondrichthyan AGT precursors are clustered into a group separated from those of tetrapods and teleosts. The AGT gene was most abundantly expressed in the liver, followed by the kidney, interrenal tissue and rectal gland of Triakis where biological actions of ANG II have been demonstrated. Collectively, we identified diversified AGT genes for the first time in chondrichthyes and showed that their ANG II’s have unique amino acid residues at positions 1, 3 and 4. High variability of ANG II sequences in chondrichthyans is discussed in relation to their unique regulatory mechanisms such as urea-based osmoregulation.