Identification, characteristics and human exposure assessments of triclosan, bisphenol-A, and four commonly used organic UV filters in indoor dust collected from Shanghai, China

Abstract

Indoor dust is a very significant medium to understand human exposure of emerging contaminants. A novel and robust analytical method to measure the amounts of six personal care products (PCPs) (triclosan, bisphenol-A and four commonly used organic ultraviolet (UV) filters) simultaneously in indoor dust is developed in this paper. Target analytes were extracted using accelerated solvent extraction. After sample cleanup by solid-phase extraction (SPE), the extracts were derivatized and analyzed using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The method detection limits achieves 0.16–0.62 pg g−1 (except for 4-methylbenzylidene camphor with 3800 pg g−1). The method was successfully applied to the analysis of 110 indoor dust samples from Shanghai, China. Results showed that the PCPs were found in most of the samples analyzed. The concentrations of the most analytes are relatively lower than those reported in USA, Japan, and European countries. The median concentration of octocrylene (OC) (1170.4 ng g−1) was found to be nearly 5–10 times higher than those of other analytes. The significantly higher concentration of ∑PCPs was observed in indoor dusts from residences than from offices (P < 0.05). The human exposure was analyzed by calculate the estimated daily intakes (EDI) of PCPs through dust ingestion for various age groups. The EDI of the target analytes for infants ranged from 0.85 to 6.18 ng kg−1 -bw day−1 and 0.07–0.49 ng kg−1 -bw day−1 for adults, respectively. This is the first study to report the doses of human exposure to UV filters in China.